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> **Pleural Effusions** * **Pleural effusion is excess fluid in the pleural space,** which occurs when production of pleural fluid exceeds pleural reabsorption. **Healthy Pleural Space & Fluid** We draw a [lung](/term/gross-anatomy/lungs-pleu
Review key aspects of Pleural effusions - excess fluid in the pleural space.
Lungs * The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate gas exchange between the body and the external environment. * The lungs occupy most of the [thoracic cage: ](/term/gross-anatomy/thoracic-cage)* The apex of the lung, its most superior p
See additional images of the lungs and key structures, here: https://drawittoknowit.com/course/gross-anatomy/glossary/gross-anatomic-microscopic-structure/lungs-pleura
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Begins at the nose and ends with the pharynx.
Nose:
Opens the respiratory system to the external environment via the nostrils (aka, nares).
Comprises bone and cartilage.
Nasal cavity:
Posterior to the nose
Separated from the oral cavity by the hard and soft palates:
Olfactory cells line the superior part of the nasal cavity
The nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left sides.
3 nasal conchae: superior, middle, and inferior.
The hard palate comprises the maxillary and palatine bones.
The soft palate comprises soft tissues.
It comprises two vertical bony structures: the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone superiorly and the vomer, inferiorly.
A deviated nasal septum can obstruct airflow and cause sinusitis (sinus infection), epistaxis (nose bleeds), anosmia (inability to smell), and other health problems.
Bony projections that arise on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
The nasal conchae create meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior), which are small tunnels.
Movement of air around the conchae and through the meatuses creates turbulence, which helps to warm and humidify the air. Hence, the conchae are sometimes referred to as the "turbinate" bones.
Pharynx:
Descends posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx, and is open to each of these structures.
Common passageway foods/liquid and air: it serves both the respiratory and digestive systems.
3 subdivisions:
The auditory tube (aka, Eustachian or pharyngotympanic tubes) opens into the nasopharynx
Nasopharynx: posterior to the nasal cavity (and receives air from the nasal cavity); The choanae are the openings between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. Oropharynx: posterior to the oral cavity (and receives foods and liquids from the oral cavity); The fauces is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx.
Laryngopharynx: posterior to the larynx (it is the final common passageway for air and food/liquid).
Connects the ears and throat, which allows infection to pass between them.
Auditory tube inflammation occurs in otitis media (aka, ear infection), which is common amongst children.
Med Surg TEST BANK Respiratory System Exam 1 Qa Latest 2025 2026 Nursing Study Guide To Pass First Try
Ace your Med Surg exams with our comprehensive Test Bank for Respiratory System disorders, Test 1. This 2025/2026 updated study guide is exp
The Chest: Inhalation, Exhalation, and Respiratory Mechanics
The chest, or thoracic cavity, plays a central role in the respiratory process, which involves inhalation, exhalation, and the interaction of pressures. The diaphragm and other respiratory muscles contribute significantly to this process.
Inhalation
Inhalation, or inspiration, is the process of drawing air into the lungs. • Mechanics: • The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the vertical space in the thoracic cavity. • The external intercostal muscles lift the ribs outward and upward, expanding the chest in all directions. • Negative Pressure: • As the thoracic cavity expands, the pressure inside the lungs (intrapulmonary pressure) decreases below atmospheric pressure. • This negative pressure gradient pulls air into the lungs.
Exhalation
Exhalation, or expiration, is the process of expelling air from the lungs. • Mechanics: • At rest, exhalation is passive and occurs as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. • The elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall decreases thoracic cavity volume. • During forced exhalation, the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles contract to expel air more forcefully. • Positive Pressure: • As the chest cavity volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.
Role of the Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. • During inhalation, it contracts, flattens, and enlarges the thoracic cavity, creating negative pressure. • During exhalation, it relaxes and returns to its dome shape, reducing thoracic cavity volume and facilitating passive exhalation.
Positive and Negative Pressure in Breathing• Negative Pressure: • Occurs during inhalation when the chest expands, causing air to flow into the lungs. • Positive Pressure: • Occurs during exhalation when the chest cavity compresses, forcing air out.
This interplay of positive and negative pressures ensures efficient ventilation, oxygen delivery, and carbon dioxide removal.
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10 Miraculous Facts About The Human Lungs
To keep your respiratory system (and especially your lungs) healthy: Avoid smoking, Exercise regularly, Prevent infection, Avoid exposure to pollutants, Maintain a healthy diet, and Drink plenty of water
