#science illustrated

[purrdiction]

Science Illustrated

[everythingaboutbiotech]

𝐑𝐍𝐀 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒

1-Hairpin Loop

2-Bulge Loop

3-Internal Loop

4-Multibranched Loop

[everythingaboutbiotech]

•𝐂𝐇𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐓

Chloroplasts are large organelles, typically a few micrometers in diameter and 5–10 mm long, and can be quite numerous in the leaves of green plants.

In the chloroplast, an envelope of two membranes encloses an inner compartment, which is filled with a thick fluid called stroma. Suspended in the stroma is a system of interconnected membranous sacs, called thylakoids, which enclose another internal compartment, called the thylakoid space. In many places, thylakoids are concentrated in stacks called grana (singular, granum).

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, the light driven process that uses solar energy and carbon dioxide to manufacture the sugars and other organic compounds from which all life is ultimately fabricated.

Mesophyll cells in the leaves of plants are specialized for photosynthesis and contain numerous chloroplasts. These cells provide the chloroplasts with the two important ingredients necessary for photosynthesis — carbon dioxide and water. Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs through pores on the underside of leaves, and water is delivered via veins that extend to the roots of the plant.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

•𝐌𝐈𝐓𝐎𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐍

Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including those of plants, animals, fungi, and most unicellular eukaryotes.

The mitochondria are often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell. They’re power stations responsible for converting the energy from organic molecules into useful energy for the cell. The energy molecule in the cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The mitochondrion is enclosed by a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner, or cristae, membrane is folded. This inner membrane divides the mitochondrion into two internal compartments, the outer compartment and the matrix. The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix; the electron transport chain takes place in the cristae membrane.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

Visualize PLANT CELL in a simplified way

[everythingaboutbiotech]

•𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐆𝐈 𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐒

The Golgi apparatus is named after its Italian discoverer, Camillo Golgi. The "Golgi apparatus" was discovered by him during an investigation of the nervous system in 1897. Historically, especially in the plant biology, the Golgi apparatus has also been known as the "dictyosome".

The Golgi apparatus consists of disc-shaped smooth cisternae that are assembled in stacks. Numerous small membrane-bound vesicles are associated with the edges of the stacks. The Golgi apparatus has two distinct faces. The cis (forming) face is associated with the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum). The trans (maturing) face is oriented towards the plasma membrane. The trans-most region is a network of tubular structures known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN).

The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify the proteins and lipids delivered to it from RER and prepare them for secretion, then deliver them to the cell membrane, wrapped in a membrane (forming a vesicle). Vesicles pinched off the RER join the Golgi apparatus at the cis face, which is innermost. They are modified as necessary and passed to the trans network, where vesicles are formed. These vesicles move to the cell membrane and fuse with it, releasing the contents to the outside.

The Golgi apparatus is also responsible for the manufacture of lysosomes and synthesis of cell wall materials in plants.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Visualize 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐘𝐎𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋 in a simplified way

>>>Adobe illustrator for Education<<<

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