#sealbhach

[blondebrainpowered]

Geronimo of the Bedonkohe band of the Apache driving a motor car, 1905

Beside him is Edward Le Clair Sr., a Ponca Indian. Geronimo liked his vest, and it was gifted to him later that day. Geronimo was buried in that vest.

[toinghaeilge]

Different Types of Possession

You may want to recap on this:

Masterpost: Prepositional Pronouns

To have vs. To own

If Cathal has a big hat:

Cathal has a big hat A big hat is at Cathal Tá hata mór ag Cathal

And if we specify that Cathal has ownership of his big hat, the copula is used:

The big hat belongs to Cathal The big hat is with Cathal Is le Cathal an hata mór

Relationships

Relationships follow the ownership preposition:

She is Cathal’s daughter

She is daughter with Cathal (Is) iníon le Cathal í

What family are you from? Who are you with? Cé leis thú?

Skills

Skills follow the preposition of ‘to have’:

She can play music Music is at her Tá ceol aici

Illnesses and Conditions

An illness or condition is usually ‘on’ someone, but some take other forms:

I am hungry Hunger is on me Tá ocras orm

I hate fish Fish is hatred with me Is fuath liom iasc

I hate fish I have hatred on fish: Hatred is at me on fish Tá an ghráin agam ar iasc

Certain emotions can take two prepositions:

I can’t help it I don’t have strength on it: The strength is not at me on it Níl neart agam air

Knowledge, Academic Knowledge and Recognition

Knowledge is presented by having it:

I know who he is The knowledge of who he is is at me Tá a fhios agam cé hé

Academic knowledge uses eolas and two prepositions:

I don’t know about literature I do not have knowledge on literature: The knowledge is not at me on literature. Níl eolas agam ar an litríocht

Recognition of a person follows the same form, but with aithne and two prepositions:

Do you know Seán? Is the recognition at you on Seán? An bhfuil aithne agat ar Sheán?

Of the Demonic Sort

This one is represented by being in someone:

They are possessed by evil spirits The evil spirits are inside them Tá na spioraid urchóideacha iontu

Try it

Translate these:

1. Do you have a cold? 2. Is that car yours? 3. She knew my cousin.

Hover below for answers

1. An bhfuil slaghdán ort? 2. An leatsa an carr sin? 3. Bhí aithne aici ar mo chol ceathar.

[toinghaeilge]

Whom’st’ves 5: Ownership

Following from Whom’st’ves 4, we can of course say a person has something by using ag — an bhean a bhfuil an cat aici. However, when we are actually expressing ownership:

The man whose wife is happy An fear a bhfuil a bhean sásta

Of course, apply the appropriate rules for possessives. Once again, as in Whom’st’ves 4, notice that the verb takes urú instead of séimhiu.

Try it

This Try It will be more of a test on the rules for possessives, given how little has changed from Whom’st’ves 4. As usual, translate these:

1. The woman whose son is sick. 2. The people whose child won a prize.

Hover below for answers

1. An bhean a bhfuil a mac tinn. 2. Na daoine ar bhuaigh a bpáiste duais.

[toinghaeilge]

What Has Pól Done?

You'll need to reference this post:

Forming Verbal Adjectives

Here we know that Pól is in possession of the money

Tá an t-airgead ag Pól

Expanding on the form for possession, we can say what Pól has done to the money:

Tá an t-airgead ite ag Pól Tá an t-airgead caillte ag Pól

Ignoring the fact that Pól isn’t exactly the smartest man in the world, we have expressed that he has eaten or lost the money.

Try it

Translate this:

1. She was eating a full breakfast

Hover below for answers

1. Bhí bricfeasta iomlán ite aici

[toinghaeilge]

Multiple People

When someone has something, it is, for example,

Tá airgead ag Pól.

However, when it comes to multiple people, it is

Tá airgead ag Pól agus ag Síle.

Which is to say, we can’t say the money is ‘at Pól and Síle’ as we do in English, we say ‘at Pól and at Síle’. One way of seeing it is as though the preposition is attached to the pronoun.

Likewise, this would apply to any preposition where we have people as a collective.

Rithfidh mé leatsa agus le Padraig amárach.

An exception would be if we can pluralise the object — Here, it is obvious that "in their sleeping" is plural:

Tá Seán agus Máire ina gcodladh.

Try it

Translate these:

1. They are sitting in the car. 2. She had ribbons and paint. 3. I bought food for the cat and the dog.

Hover below for answers

1. Tá siad ina suí sa charr. 2. Ribíní agus dáth aici. 3. Cheannaigh mé bia don chat agus don mhadra.

[toinghaeilge]

Contractions: Á

Á is a contracted form of ag a. It is used with the verbal noun: táim á dhéanamh is literally I am at its/his doing.

Applying the rules of possessive pronouns to á,

Chailleas cóta; táim á chuardach Cóta is masculine: I am looking for it

Chailleas bróg; táim á cuardach Bróg is feminine: I am looking for it

Chailleas cótaí/bróga; táim á gcuardach" Cótaí and bróga are plural: I am looking for them

Note: Táim ag cuardach é would be wrong: The pronoun must be with the preposition which produced the á.

Try it

Translate these:

1. Our stomachs are filled with food 2. What were you doing with it? 3. She didn’t want it

Hover below for answers

1. Tá ár mboilg á líonadh (Our stomachs were at their filling) 2. Cad a bhí á dhéanamh agat leis? (What were you at its doing with it?) 3. Nach raibh sí á iarraidh (She was not at its wanting)

[toinghaeilge]

Prepositional Pronouns 2: Possessive Pronouns

mo do a a ár bhur a

mo do a a ár bhur a

mo do a a ár bhur a

le mo le do lena lena lenár le bhur lena

dom do mo do do dá, á dá, á dár dá, á

de mo de do dá dá dár de bhur dá

ó mo ó do óna óna ónar ó bhur óna

ar mo ar do ar na, ar a arna, ar a arnár, ar ár ar bhur arna, ar a

i mo i do ina ina inár in bhur ina

faoi mo faoi do faoina faoina faoinár faoi bhur faoina

trí mo trí do trína trína trínár trí bhur trína

Note:

In Munster:

These: lem led óm ód dom dod im id fém féd srl.

Replace these: le mo le do ó mo ó do do mo do do i mo i do faoi mo faoi do srl.

e.g.: im leabhar instead of i mo leabhar

Further changes:

For dialects that pronounce bhur with a 'w' sound instead of the Munster 'v', bhur becomes nbhur, with the exception of in bhur as in is seen as an alternative for the urú.

Part 1: Prepositional Pronouns Masterpost

[toinghaeilge]

The Possessive Adjective

Before Vowels

Before Consonants

Mine Yours His Hers Ours Yours(p) Theirs

Mo chara Do chara A chara A cara Ár gcara Bhur gcara A gcara

M'athair D'athair A athair A hathair Ár n-athair Bhur n-athair A n-athair

Possessive Prepositional Pronouns