#squamata

[birdblues]

Blunthead Slug Snake

[inatherps]

Brown Anole (Anolis sagrei)

Observed by dnoell, CC BY-NC

[snototter]

Common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) during breeding season in Canada

by Dash Huang

[alphynix]

Saniwa ensidens was a varanid lizard that lived during the Eocene, about 49 million years ago, in what is now Wyoming, USA.

Closely related to monitor lizards, it would have grown to about 2m long (~6'6") and looked very similar to modern forms, with a pointed snout, well-developed limbs, and a proportionally long tail.

But it also had something not seen in any other jawed vertebrate — a total of four eyes.

Many lizards have a single prominent parietal "third eye" on the top of their heads, which are light-sensitive and involved with both regulating circadian rhythms and hormone production for thermoregulation. However, Saniwa ensidens had two of these structures, with one formed from the parapineal gland like in other lizards, and the second positioned behind it formed by the pineal gland. The only other vertebrates with this arrangement are the jawless lampreys, suggesting that Saniwa somehow re-evolved a pineal eye hundreds of millions of years after its distant ancestors had lost it.

It's not clear what this extra eye was used for. It would have increased the pineal complex's sensitivity to blue-wavelength light, and may have been involved in orientation and navigation using polarized light similar to some modern lizards — or possibly magnetoreception-based navigation similar to some modern newts.

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References:

Beltrami, Giulia, et al. "The lizard celestial compass detects linearly polarized light in the blue." Journal of Experimental Biology 215.18 (2012): 3200-3206. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.074419

Deutschlander, M. E., S. C. Borland, and J. B. Phillips. "Extraocular magnetic compass in newts." Nature 400.6742 (1999): 324-325. https://doi.org/10.1038/22450

Rieppel, Olivier, and Lance Grande. "The anatomy of the fossil varanid lizard Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870, based on a newly discovered complete skeleton." Journal of Paleontology 81.4 (2007): 643-665. https://doi.org/10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0643:TAOTFV]2.0.CO;2

Smith, Krister T., et al. "The only known jawed vertebrate with four eyes and the bauplan of the pineal complex." Current Biology 28.7 (2018): 1101-1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.021

Wikipedia contributors. “Saniwa” Wikipedia, 03 Dec. 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniwa

Witmer, Lawrence M. "Paleoneurology: a sight for four eyes." Current Biology 28.7 (2018): R311-R313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.071

[wikipediapictures]

Geckolepis

“Geckolepis megalepis specimen observed by A. Anker” - via Wikimedia Commons

[thedrawinggizzard]

First big(ish) paleoart piece of the year: a Mosasaurus Hoffmannii. Its patterns are inspired by rainbow trout, with a bit of influence from the Prehistoric Planet mosa.

[uncharismatic-fauna]

Uncharismatic Fact of the Day

Digging is always easier with a shovel; it's good thing the shovel-snouted lizard is never without one! These lizards reside solely in the Namib Desert, and use their uniquely-shaped noses to help bury themselves in the sand, thus avoiding the worst of the heat during the day.

(Image: A shovel-snouted lizard (Meroles anchietae) by Tom Field)

[feather-bone]

Creature spotlight: reptiles

IDs in alt text - how many can you guess? :-)

This is a collection of creatures originally drawn for my sticker club. Learn more and see more of my work here!