first half physical theatre research
Physical Theatre Research
1. What is the background of both practitioners?
Rudolf Laban (1879-1958) was born in Austro-Hungary. Rudolf was born in to an aristocratic family as his father's side of the family were French and Hungarian.
Enrolled by his father as a cadet in the Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt, he left to study architecture at the Écoles des Beaux Arts in Paris. During his stay in Paris, Laban became interested in the relationship between the moving human form and the space which surrounds it. He then moved to Munich at age 30 and under the influence of seminal dancer/choreographer Heidi Dzinkowska began to concentrate on Bewegungskunst, more commonly called Ausdruckstanz, or the movement arts spending the summer months of 1913 and 14 directing the school for the Arts at the alternative community at Monte Verita, Switzerland.
Laban was a dancer, a choreographer and a dance / movement theoretician. He is notable as one of the pioneers of modern dance in Europe. His work laid the foundations for Laban Movement Analysis, Labanotation (Kinetography Laban), other more specific developments in dance notation and the evolution of many varieties of Laban Movement Study. He is considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of dance.
Steven Berkoff (born 3 August 1937) is an English actor, author, playwright and theatre director. He was born in East London and around this time, this specific place, in 1930's was famous for the great depression as the unemployed in Britain rose to 2.5 million in 1933. This affected a lot of people working, especially people working in heavy industry. Due to the depression at this time, it meant all these industries were shut down and workers were made redundant. Things got economically better as the time went on and during the late 1930's and as Berkoff was born in the late 1930's he was not affected by this so much as others were. Steven Berkoff and his family were Jews and at this time Jews were not completely accepted by the people around them and people in other religions and race. As they were Jewish and this was the time of the conflict between the Jews and the Nazi's, Stevens father changed the family surname to 'Berks' so they could avoid any complications with the Nazi's.
As an actor, he is best known for his performances in villainous roles, such as Lt. Col Podovsky in Rambo: First Blood Part II, General Orlov in the James Bond film Octopussy, Victor Maitland in Beverly Hills Cop and Adolf Hitler in the TV mini-series War and Remembrance. Berkoff started his theatre training in the Repertory Company at Her Majesty's Theatre in Barrow-in-Furness, for approximately two months, in 1962. As well as an actor, Berkoff is a noted playwright and theatre director, with a unique style of writing and performance. His earliest plays are adaptations of works by Franz Kafka: The Metamorphosis (1969); In the Penal Colony (1969) and The Trial (1971). In the 1970s and 1980s, he wrote a series of verse plays including East (1975), Greek(1980) and Decadence (1981), followed by West (1983), Sink the Belgrano! (1986), Massage (1997).
2. How do you think these conditions were reflected in their work? E.g. Is any of their work politically commenting on a social issue or government? Make sure you compare and contrast the background of the two practitioners, making links where possible to their work.
Steven Berkoff’s family are Jewish and therefor, his work would have been impacted by his up bringing and the war and how Jewish people were treated. This will have had a big effect on how he portrays things and his movements, as his work is a lot about movement.
One of Berkoff's plays called 'Messiah' was influenced by the second world wall as this is a signature event that happened during Berkoff's upbringing. This shows that this event had an impact of his life and this is why it has reflected on his plays.
Here is a short piece of a drama group that has devised a scene based on 'Messiah'. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDSJcBoAlZg
Rudolph Laban was part of the military for a while which will have had an effect on his work. He then left to study architecture, and this will have also influenced his work. Another event that will have really have reflected on Laban's work is the 'Bosnian Crisis. This happened from 1980 – 1909 and this will have had an impacted on his work and what he produced.
As Laban got in to architecture, he got very interested and involved with the human body, and this explains why he uses the body so much within his dance movements and gestures in his performances.
As these two practitioners have different backgrounds, this is where it will show their differences in their work, especially in their movements. Although they have differences, they also have similarities. For example, they have both come from strong backgrounds being part of a war and the military and these are quite similar areas, which therefore could show some similarities in their work. The work that these practitioners produce is a strong reflection of their background.
3. What are the key features of work from each practitioner?
The key features of Rudolph Laban's work is the 'effort', 'shape' and 'drive' of a movement. Known today as Laban Movement Analysis, he also used the terms Choreutics (space) and Eukinetics (effort).
For each effort, Laban identified which component parts were to be used. For example:
• The Direction is Indirect
Laban is really well known for his analysis of his, but mainly his '8 efforts' technique.
Laban also invented a system of dance notation, now known as Labanotation or Kinetography Laban. This is another key feature of Laban's work.
The key features of Steven Berkoff's work:
All of Stevens work was non realistic, he created very abstract pieces that he could make clear to an audience that it is not realistic. He had an idea in his head of what 'total theatre' was meant to look like.
This is what Berkoff believed Total Theatre is made up of:
•Large scale mime and the juxtaposition of this with spare dialogue and phatic utterances.
•The replacement of props and furniture with what can be created by the actors bodies.
•The almost 'hieratic' leading characters, taking the audience through the narrative.
•The link within the idea of the 'Total theatre' which seeks to attract an almost spirited response from the audience through using all the resources of theatre including athletics.
•Emphasis upon the figure of the actor as the most important and creative aspect of performance.
•Berkoff has a distinctively physical style of acting with the emphasis on physical theatre and mime.
•Scenery is significant by its absence.
•Through the actors words, position and physical attitude in relation to the audience, Berkoff's characters establish themselves as 'story tellers'.
•Performances are orchestrated, the words uttered, the way they are spoken, facial expression and movement are all choreographed to inform each other.
•An actor can be visually a lone figure on stage but take on different purposes.
4. Who were their influences?
Rudolf Laban was hugely influenced by a man named Sigmund Frued. Sigmund Frued was an Austrian neurologist and psychoanalytic. Frued was the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system. This means he workes a lot with the human body but also the human brain. Frued is well know for being the creator of psychoanalysis, but is also best known for his theories on the unconscious mind. As well as Laban being influenced from going into architecture, but as Frued was very in to the human body and mind, this is another thing that got him so deep in thought about the human body and incorporating it in to his movements. Although Laban was influenced by Sigmund Frued, he was also influenced by the cultral social events of the time he was brought up, for example, the Bosnian Crisis.
Steven Berkoff was influenced by many people, such as Jacques Lecoq and Edmund Kean. Jacques Lecoq is a practitioner that we looked at and researched in lesson and this helps us makes links to Berkoff. Jacques Lecoq, born in Paris, was a French actor, mime and acting instructor. He is most famous for his methods on physical theatre, movement, and mime that he taught at the school he founded in Paris, L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq from 1956 until his death in 1999. Another person that Berkoff was hugely influenced by was Bertolt Brecht. German playwright, Bertolt Brecht's ideas are very influential. He wanted to make the audience think, and used a range of devices to remind them that they were watching theatre and not real life. This is a technique that is very similar to the way Berkoff works. They both use the non realistic way of portraying theatre and this shows how Berkoff was massively influenced by Bertolt.