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In theory, any material that can be transformed into small granules could be used as a filler for plastics. For example, we can use sand as a filler, and the end result is that in the plastic there will be sand particles. The possibilities for combining resins with other materials are endless, but for successful mixing, the filler needs to melt and disperse well in the resin mix. At higher technical requirements, they must be chemically inert, free of metal impurities to avoid plastic degradation, low hardness to avoid wear of equipment, and most importantly, the cost must be cheap and readily available to be suitable for commercial use.
No plastic is perfect, and no filler is ideal either. The essence of using fillers is a compromise between properties that will be improved and those that will be lost. To get the best trade-off, manufacturers need to understand the properties of fillers, and how they will interact with the plastic. There is something quite special, is that knowing the chemical composition of fillers will not help much to use them. Because in most cases, chemicals have no effect on plastic. The real things of concern for fillers are the physical parameters, including particle size and shape, and their surface area