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Romans 16:12–16
12 ἀσπάσασθε Τρύφαιναν καὶ Τρυφῶσαν τὰς κοπιώσας ἐν κυρίῳ. ἀσπάσασθε Περσίδα τὴν ἀγαπητήν, ἥτις πολλὰ ἐκοπίασεν ἐν κυρίῳ. 13 ἀσπάσασθε Ῥοῦφον τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν ἐν κυρίῳ καὶ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐμοῦ. 14 ἀσπάσασθε Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ἀδελφούς. 15 ἀσπάσασθε Φιλόλογον καὶ Ἰουλίαν, Νηρέα καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ Ὀλυμπᾶν καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντας ἁγίους. 16 ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἁγίῳ. ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι πᾶσαι τοῦ Χριστοῦ.
My translation:
12 Greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa the ones laboring in the Lord. Greet Persis the loved, who labored much in the Lord. 13 Greet Rufus the chosen in the Lord and the mother of him and of me. 14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas and the brothers with them. 15 Greet Philologos and Julia, Nereus and her sister, and Olympas and all the holy ones with them. 16 Greet one another in a holy kiss. All the churches of the Christ greet you.
Notes:
16:12
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
Τρύφαιναν καὶ Τρυφῶσαν (“Tryphaena and Tryphosa”) are the compound direct object of the imperative. The articular present feminine participle τὰς κοπιώσας (from κοπιάω “I work hard, toil”) is substantival and stands in apposition to the names Τρύφαιναν καὶ Τρυφῶσαν. ἐν κυρίῳ denotes sphere (“in the Lord’s service”). Alternatively, the prepositional phrase could indicate identity (“as a Christian”, ICC).
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
Περσίδα (“Persis”) is the direct object of the second imperative. The substantival adjective τὴν ἀγαπητήν stands in apposition to Περσίδα.
The indefinite relative pronoun ἥτις is qualitative (“such a woman who”). ἥτις is the subject of the aorist ἐκοπίασεν (from κοπιάω “I work hard, toil”; see above). The neuter plural πολλὰ functions adverbially (cf. v. 6). ἐν κυρίῳ denotes sphere.
16:13
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
Ῥοῦφον (“Rufus”) is the direct object of the imperative. The substantival adjective τὸν ἐκλεκτὸν (“chosen, elect”) stands in apposition to Ῥοῦφον. ἐν κυρίῳ denotes sphere of labor or, perhaps, agency of the verbal idea in ἐκλεκτός (“chosen in the Lord”, most translations). Alternatively, ICC takes the modifier to mean, “an eminent Christian” (so NASB: “a choice man in the Lord”; Findlayson: “a distinguished believer”), arguing that “elect” cannot be the sense, since that would apply equally to all Christians. Against this, Cranfield notes that Paul seems to be attempting to give a ‘commendatory expression’ for each individual, and, just like “beloved” (v. 5, 8, 9, 12), is applying a characteristic that is nonetheless true of all believers. BDAG translates, “chosen”, but does give the possibility of “choice, excellent” here. Cranfield introduces a third point of view from Barth, in which the term refers to being selected for a particular ministry.
τὴν μητέρα is a second direct object of the imperative. αὐτοῦ and ἐμοῦ are genitives of relationship; ἐμοῦ suggests Paul received hospitality and perhaps patronage from Rufus’s mother (EGGNT; CEV: “who has been like a mother to me”).
16:14
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
Ἀσύγκριτον, Φλέγοντα, Ἑρμῆν, Πατροβᾶν, Ἑρμᾶν καὶ τοὺς ... ἀδελφούς (“Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas and the brothers and sisters ...”) is the compound direct object of the imperative. σὺν αὐτοῖς modifies τοὺς ... ἀδελφούς in the first attributive position. EGGNT suggests the five were leaders of a tenement church (NLT: “the brothers and sisters who meet with them”).
16:15
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
Φιλόλογον καὶ Ἰουλίαν (“Philologos and Julia”), Νηρέα καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ (“Nereus and her sister”), καὶ Ὀλυμπᾶν καὶ τοὺς ... ἁγίους (“Olympas and ... the saints”) are the compound direct object of the imperative, arranged in three groups of two. σὺν αὐτοῖς modifies τοὺς ... ἁγίους in the first attributive position, suggesting another tenement church. πάντας is also attributive with τοὺς ... ἁγίους.
Instead of Ἰουλίαν, a minority of manuscripts read Ἰουνίαν, mistaking it for the name “Junia” in verse 7.
16:16
For ἀσπάσασθε, see note on verse 3.
ἀλλήλους is the direct object of the imperative.
τό φίλημα (7x) is, “kiss”, from φιλέω “I love”. The prepositional phrase ἐν φιλήματι indicates manner or means. ἁγίῳ is attributive. A kiss was a common expression of friendly affection in this period.
The subject of the present ἀσπάζονται (from ἀσπάζομαι) is αἱ ἐκκλησίαι, and ὑμᾶς is the direct object. πᾶσαι is attributive with αἱ ἐκκλησίαι. τοῦ Χριστοῦ modifies αἱ ἐκκλησίαι as perhaps a possessive genitive; EGGNT says genitive of relationship. For the article with Χριστοῦ, see note on 7:4.
MAC - Brant Brothers Tryphaena and Cleopatra Pro Sculpting Creme Duo
Tryphaena
Tryphaena (d.111 BCE) was a Ptolemaic princess who like her ancestor Berenike Phernophoros and her sisters Cleopatra Selene I and Cleopatra IV, she was more heavily involved in the politics of the Seleukid Empire than in the goings on in Egypt. She was an active queen, who seems to have been comfortable acting independently of her husband on several occasions.
Tryphaena was the daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolemy VIII Physcon. She was born during their reign with Cleopatra II and married Antiochos VIII Grypus at around the same time the three of them reconciled in 124. The Seleukids had been dealing with their own internal strife with several different men claiming the throne. Tryphaena’s marriage brought Egyptian political support and troops in to support her new husband Grypus. Her resources swung things in his favor and soon he was king, with her as queen. The couple went on to have probably five sons and one daughter.
In 115, things changed. Her sister, Cleopatra IV, was divorced from her husband, Ptolemy IX Soter, on the orders of their mother. Rather than pursue queenship in Egypt once more, she raised an army and offered her own hand in marriage to Antiochos IX Cyzicenus, Grypus’ half-brother, cousin, and rival for the throne. Tryhpaena was furious. She accused her sister of bringing a foreign army into a dispute between brothers and of marrying outside of Egypt without their mother’s permission. Three years later, she saw her chance. When Cleopatra took refuge in a temple, Tryphaena ordered her executed there, despite people’s warnings about angering the gods by such an act.
Tryphaena herself would not live long after this. Her brother-in-law captured her less than a year later and had her executed. Her sister Selene eventually married Grypus herself.
Sources/Further Reading: Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus 39.2-3 - Forumromanum.org Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 13.13.4 - Perseus Tryphaena - Egyptian Royal Genealogy Tryphaena - Livius.org
Tryphaena?
One of the interesting things about Phae is how you write about the collision of the mundane and the fantastical in her life- she basically heads up an in-universe Warehouse 13, and works as much on safety protocols and personnel management as lightsabers and lightning.
I also enjoy the juxtaposition of the Nar Shaddaa street kid with the Dark Council member, and how Phae consciously draws on or flaunts elements of the expected appearance and behavior of both of those guises depending on the situation.
The Renatus girls are former street rats. Gifts are bewildering, though AWESOME.
Arthanasia receives novelty oven mitts from Hanneke (they're shaped like Hutts) and a safety deposit box made to look like a can of salt from Lauritz. Tiona sends a card. Perkele sends a business plan involving franchising. And a blue-and-black striped hat that can only be described as a toque.Kardea gets a small datachip, stuck to the bottom of a bottle of Alderaanian red wine, seemingly anonymously. The datachip contains nothing but an anonymously penned academic paper about the high-level economic concerns of the Hutts and their bearing on Imperial-Republic relations. There's no evidence as to where the package came from.Tryphaena recieves a Black Nebula Heavy Blaster. It's a custom piece, assembled from a dark alloy, and is lighter than it looks. There's a ridiculously hilarious card attached. It probably makes jokes about wookiee penises or something. It's signed in Hanneke's rough, capslocked writing hand, and there's a handwritten note on the inside. "I expect that when it's that time of the month I can depend on someone to be competent. Next time we go, we should see if we can get two Sith with blasters in the field. -- Lord Revel". From Perkele, she gets a holocron. It contains records and recollections of anyone who has entered single combat with Darth Marr. She also gets a crocheted dashade doll.
Hanneke and Lauritz Revel get a joint gift from Phae: a copy of the board game Colonists of Tanth. (The smiley face on the accompanying card looks distinctly demonic.) Kardea sends Hanneke a Huttball signed by Baron Deathmark, and Lauritz a monstrous sniper rifle that isn't officially in production yet. Arthanasia gives each of the brats an unlimited gift card to her diner (and a warning that if they set anything on fire - again - they will never eat her food again).
While the individual gifts make each of them grin and plan their next three-day bender on Nar Shaddaa, it’s Colonists of Tanth that really gets the two of them going.
They immediately begin sending text messages to EVERYBODY.
"You have to come over to the flat on Nar Shaddaa -now-. Phae just gave us Colonists of Tanth. Bring beer."