the european turtle-dove is a member of the columbidae family (pigeons and doves) that breeds over a wide spread of the southwestern palearctic, but winters in northern sub-saharan africa. these iconic birds are more slender than most other doves, and they are often identified by the black-and-white patch on the sides of their necks. in the united kingdom, the birds’ population has decreased by 93% since 1994; this is commonly attributed to a change in farming practices that left the doves with fewer weed seeds and shoots to feed on. additionally, overhunting of the doves has led to population decline; a 2001 study found that between two and four million birds were shot in malta, cyprus, france, italy, spain, and greece. a hunting ban introduced in 2021 by the european commission in france, spain, and portugal had by 2024 resulted in a 25% increase in the western european breeding population.