A Summary of Explorations
Our final unit of discussion in the course is affectionately labeled “explorations.” In this unit, of course, we explored from the 1860’s to current day art, architecture and interior design. The idea of “good design for all” and the dependency for commodity, firmness and delight are questioned during this time as well. Several distinct styles arise in constant combat for the spotlight of functionality, beauty and historic preservation.
To begin, the first period we looked into was the Arts and Crafts period. The Arts and Crafts began in the 1860’s and ran until the late 1910’s. The most prominent architects of the Arts and Crafts were Frank Lloyd Wright, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Gustav Stickley. The ideas of Arts and Craft hold their roots in ‘anti-industrial’ design and are often considered ‘romantic’ or ‘medieval’ in craftsmanship. The main ideals for Arts and Crafts is “handmade vs. machine-made” which is easily seen in any structure or artwork of that time period.
Moving into some Arts and Crafts-like ideas, the Bauhaus was a school founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 and taught students the ways of crafts and fine arts. Out of the Bauhaus we see the resurgence of Arts and Crafts ideas that work should be done by hand, not machine. Around the time of the Bauhaus, we have Le Corbusier establishing the L’espirit Nouveau, which celebrated the idea that “A house is a machine for living.”
From the Arts and Crafts period, we move into Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the L’espirit Nouveau. Art Nouveau began around 1890 and extended into 1910 and is built around the idea of line and decoration. It was a movement particularly in Europe and carried out by such designers as Antoni Gaudi using unique and natural textures and lines. Art Deco, another movement in the 1920’s, used speed and motion to celebrate the evolution of the French Decorative arts through gigantic works projects such as skyscrapers. It lost popularity in the 40’s and 50’s, but made resurgence in the 60’s. Several famous buildings are built in the Art Deco style such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building.
Just when there are so many distinct design styles coming out of this century already, modern and post-modern are also developing during this time. Modern ideas begin at the turn of the century and make their way all the way to the 70’s, when post-modern began to take the lead. The two ideas often become intermingled, with similar themes of function and absence of ornamentation (contrasting with Art Nouveau, Art Deco and Arts and Crafts.) There are, however, obvious challenges of modern and post-modern; historic preservation, deconstruction and the idea of regionalism come into play. Modern and post-modern style does play into “good design for all” in that it is functional and stable, but it rarely speaks to our need for architectural delight.
The example I chose to represent the unit is the Empire State Building in New York City, NY because it is an obvious example of Art Deco, but also hints to some pre-modern ideas later established in Modernism and Post-Modernism. (above)
From the late 1800’s to current day, so much has changed design wise. There are still so many ideas from these distinct design periods left over today that we see come back in waves of trend. Each time period fought their battles with commodity, firmness and delight and this idea of “good design for all.” Which distinct style faired the best, we cannot tell, because like everything else, design is never completely finished.
Picture Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_Up_at_Empire_State_Building.JPG
Info Source:
Class notes & A Global History of Architecture by Ching