Operation Eiche Saving Dictator Mussolini Rescue operation of German paratorropers in order to liberate Benito Mussolini from the hotel where he is kept in custody. During World War II, the Gran Sasso raid in September 1943 was an operation by German paratroopers and Waffen-SS commandos to rescue the deposed Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini from custody in the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif. The airborne operation was personally ordered by Adolf Hitler, approved by General Kurt Student and planned and executed by Major Harald Mors. It required considerable ‘manhunting’ to find Il Duce after he was secreted away on 25 July 1943 by the Italian national police. 25 July 1943 Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III, arrested and kept in custody by the government of the new Prime Minister of Italy, Pietro Badoglio. 26 July 1943 Hitler gave SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Skorzeny the mission to locate and rescue Mussolini in Italy. Skorzeny ordered his deputy (Karl Radl) to select 50 of his Jagdverbande 502 commandos for the mission. The Fallschirmjäger were the paratroop branch of the German Luftwaffe before and during World War II. They were the first German paratroopers to be committed in large-scale airborne operations. Throughout World War II, the commander of the branch was Kurt Student. 27 July 1943 Skorzeny and General Kurt Student flew to Rome and met with Field Marshall Albert Kesselring. 29 July 1943 Skorzeny’s commandos and elements of the Luftwaffe XI Air Corps established a base camp close to Rome’s Pratica di Mare Airport. 8 September 1943 Skorzeny and Radl conducted an aerial reconnaissance of Gran Sasso where mussolini was kept in custody. At the same time the Italians were signing the armistice and trying tp isolate the Germans in Rome. Skorzeny prepared a rescue plan for Mussolini. He refined the rescue plan to attack gran sasso by air by using twelve DFS 230 gliders. Later he would get support from Major Otto-Harald Mors and a parachute battalion to secure the lower end of the funicular railway between the village and Gran Sasso. 12 September 1943 the attack force was airborne. Skorzeny in the third glider took the lead when the first two disappeared in the clouds. He was orderin so; ''“I expressly gave orders that come what may, no person was to open fire before I myself fired the opening shot. Should I be wounded or killed, then the first shot was to be given by one of the officers accompanying me.” It was certain for him that no one expected an attack from the air and this was their one and only chance to success. The Fallschirmjäger and Skorzeny's special troopers overwhelmed Mussolini's captors, 200 well-equipped Carabinieri guards, without a single shot being fired. General Fernando Soleti of the Italian African Police, who flew in with Skorzeny, had told them to stand down. Skorzeny attacked the radio operator and his equipment and stormed into the hotel, followed by his SS troopers and the paratroopers. Ten minutes after the beginning of the raid, Mussolini left the hotel and was accompanied by the German soldiers. At 14:45, Mors accessed the hotel via the funicular railway and introduced himself to Mussolini Mussolini was saved after a bloodless savage attack. He went out from the hotel with skorzeny and the commandos. Photos were taken to maket he time deadless. Feces were smiling. But, Lack of radio contact with Rome removed the planned aircraft extraction of Mussolini from the L’Aquila airfield. The last option was for General Student’s personal pilot, Captain Heinrich Gerlach, to land his Fieseler 156C-3 Storch next to the hotel, pick-up Skorzeny and Mussolini, take off, and land at Rome’s Pratica di Mare Airport. Thirty minutes after take-off Skorzeny and Mussolini landed at Practica di Mare, transferred to a Heinkel He 111 medium bomber, and flew to Vienna, Austria. The remaining Commandos burnt out and and destroyed the Gliders that had been used in the operation and damaged. They were to be transported from the area safely by Major Otto-Harald
Mors and a parachute battalion that secured the lower end of the funicular railway between the village and Gran Sasso during the operation. The Operation had been conducted with no casulaties and in an unpredictable secrecy & silence. Adolf Hitler wellcomed Mussolini with a ceremony by himself. At 13 September 1943 Hitler called and congratulated Skorzeny for his succcess, awarded him the Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross, and promoted him to Störm bann führer.
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