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With over 25 years of experience in psychiatry and clinical research and development, Wayne Macfadden, MD, serves as Psychiatrist for the Spirit Lake Indian Nation Tribe Health Center in Fort Totten ND, which has one of the few Suboxone treatment clinics on an Indian reservation. Wayne Macfadden MD, applies his knowledge and training in office-based treatment when evaluating and caring for patients with opiate use and alcohol use disorders. He also utilizes pharmacotherapy on patients with other mental illnesses. Before joining the Behavioral Health team at the Spirit Lake Indian Nation Health Center, Dr. Wayne Macfadden led several ophthalmology research initiatives in his capacity as the Global Medical Affairs Director at Novartis in Switzerland. Previously he published and co-authored Psychiatric research papers that analyzed apathy in neurodegenerative disorders, amotivation in mood disorders, and treatments for bipolar depression and schizophrenia. In 2018, he co-wrote several manuscripts on the effects of Ranibizumab in treating age-related macular degeneration, which are in press. Dr. Macfadden also possesses extensive experience in general psychiatry. After his residency at the University of Pennsylvania, he became an attending Psychiatrist at Mercy Catholic Medical School. He then spent nearly a decade teaching and supervising psychiatric residents at the Inpatient Detoxification Unit and Dual Diagnosis Unit of the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

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Five Subtypes of Alcoholics

Wayne Macfadden MD served patients at International Psychiatric Services in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Alongside his clinical work, Wayne Macfadden MD has completed dozens of medical research studies on topics such as alcoholism. According to the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), there are five subtypes of alcoholics. Nearly a third of alcoholics in the United States belong to the young adult subtype. People in this subtype start drinking by the age of 19 and develop dependence by 24. They have a lower rate of co-occurring mental health conditions than other subtypes and a moderate family history of alcoholism and substance use disorders. Further, they often binge drink, drinking on few occasions in the average week. The next subtype is the young antisocial alcoholic. This group also starts drinking at a young age and displays early episodes of binge drinking and heavy drinking. People in this group often have antisocial personality disorder and high rates of bipolar disorder, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Addiction to marijuana, cigarettes, or other drugs is also common in this subtype. The next groups are functional alcoholics and intermediate familial alcoholics, accounting for 19 percent of people with an alcohol use disorder. People in the functional subtype have a higher income and more education than the other subtypes. They also maintain stable relationships with other adults but often binge drink. The intermediate familial subtype has close family members who abuse alcohol. Drinking for this subtype often occurs because of family stress. Finally, the chronic severe subtype accounts for 9 percent of people with alcohol use disorder. This subtype displays high divorce rates and a high likelihood of polydrug use. Dr. Macfadden acknowledges these patients are amongst the most difficult to treat.

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A Brief Introduction to Naltrexone

ayne Macfadden MD was a full-time Psychiatrist at Spirit Lake Indian Nation Tribe Health Center and the co-founder of International Psychiatric Services. In his role at Spirit Lake, Wayne Macfadden MD, focused heavily on treating opiate use and alcohol use disorders using medications such as naltrexone. Naltrexone is an opiate antagonist that is used alongside a treatment program for street drug and alcohol use disorders. It is not recommended for patients who are still using drugs or drinking large amounts of alcohol, but it is capable of reducing cravings for alcohol and drugs so that continuing to avoid undesired use of either substance is successful. Further, naltrexone blocks the effects of certain drugs, most notably opioid drugs, and makes those medications less desirable to people who are taking naltrexone. There are two main ways that naltrexone is taken: orally or intravenously. When taken as an oral tablet, the medication is capable of home use and is taken once a day, with or without food. Standard dosage for naltrexone when taken by mouth is 50 milligrams a day, but certain patients may receive higher or lower doses depending on their needs. When naltrexone is intravenous, it requires the supervision of a clinic or treatment center. It can also be prescribed once per day, but doctors may opt for higher doses every few days to limit clinic trips.

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Subtle Signs of a Possible Substance

Wayne Macfadden MD, has been a full-time Psychiatrist at the Spirit Lake Indian Nation Tribe Health Center in North Dakota. Skilled in research, academic, and clinical settings, Wayne Macfadden MD, is board certified in Psychiatry and has Added Qualifications in Addiction Psychiatry and substance use treatment. Certain signs of substance use disorders are well known, like social withdrawal and mood swings. Here are several more subtle signs of substance use disorders that may be problematic: Frequently getting sick When people are hiding a drug or alcohol problem, they often complain about being sick. This also leads to extended absences from work or not attending family functions. However, when asked about their symptoms, they are often vague about how they are feeling. Hiding degrading health People who have a substance use disorder often go to great lengths to appear mentally healthy and functional. This involves maintaining a normal life and a career that hides unusual sleeping or eating habits and detracts from skin discoloration and other physical signs of an issue. Appearing nervous and secretive As a person attempts hiding their substance use disorder, they may display nervous and secretive behavior. They are often more restless and shaky during their daily lives, or display more paranoia, since they are worried others will discover their problem. Taking long bathroom trips Controlling any substance use disorder is difficult, so a person often starts taking longer trips to the bathroom, or more frequent ones, to hide the actual amount of alcohol or drugs they are using. Prescription medications also start disappearing when a person is struggling with a substance use disorder.

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Common and Lesser-Known Mental Disorders

Wayne Macfadden, MD, is Psychiatrist at the Spirit Lake Indian Health Center in North Dakota. Board-certified in Psychiatry, he is also Board Certified in Addiction Medicine. Wayne Macfadden MD, started a company with his wife named International Psychiatric Services, to address mental disorders, especially those resulting from substance abuse.

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American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM): The ASAM Criteria

Wayne Macfadden MD works on the Spirit Lake Reservation in Fort Totten, North Dakota as a psychiatrist.

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Increasing Adherence to Antipsychotic Medications

Wayne Macfadden MD works on the Spirit Lake Reservation in Fort Totten, North Dakota as a psychiatrist.

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Types of Ophthalmological Surgeries

Wayne Macfadden MD, is a Board-Certified Psychiatrist with 30 years' experience. From 2015 to 2018, Wayne Macfadden MD, was involved in ophthalmological research and development at a Pharmaceutical company in Switzerland. Ophthalmology involves the diagnosis and treatment of eye ailments through surgical procedures performed by ophthalmologists. There are different eye surgeries for various conditions, a few of which are described below,. Refractive surgery is a surgical procedure used to correct refractive errors. Patients with refractive errors are usually farsighted or nearsighted because light doesn't focus properly on the retina. Some refractive surgical procedures include LASIK laser surgery, conductive keratoplasty, and photorefractive keratectomy. Cataract surgery is a procedure to improve a patient's poor eyesight resulting from cloudiness of the lens, which is known as cataracts. This surgery replaces the eye's lens with an artificial one, removing the cataracts. Some procedures include laser-assisted cataract surgery, intracapsular cataract extraction, and phacoemulsification. Corneal surgery involves working on the cornea to improve eyesight. It also includes corneal transplant surgery, which involves replacing a damaged cornea. Some corneal surgery procedures are pterygium excision and phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK). Oculoplastic surgery refers to the reconstruction of the eye and the surrounding areas, akin to plastic surgery. The surgical procedures here include brow lift, blepharoplasty, and evisceration. Glaucoma surgery or trabeculectomy addresses glaucoma, an eye ailment of the optic nerve resulting from excessive pressure on it. The two standard surgery procedures are laser surgery and incisional surgery.

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The Phases of Clinical Trials

With extensive experience in Psychiatry, Wayne Macfadden MD operates a Psychiatric practice in the Spirit Lake Indian Nation Tribe Health Center, Fort Totten, North Dakota. Wayne Macfadden MD ' s career has included conducting clinical trials to find suitable treatment options for Psychiatric disorders. New drugs or treatment options go through clinical trials after successfully completing pre-clinical research on human cell cultures. There are five stages in any clinical development plan. Phase 0 is conducted on less than 15 people. Small doses of the drug are administered to see if it has any adverse effects on the body. Phase 1 involves 20 to 80 people. The aim is to find a safe amount of the drug/treatment by administering different doses. It also looks for the best way to administer the drug to patients. Phase 2 may have hundreds of patients in the trial. This phase assesses the drug/treatment’s performance and possible side effects on the participants’ bodies over several months. Phase 3 may have thousands of patients in the trial. It is conducted over a longer period of time and compares the new drug/treatment's performance with an existing drug/treatment option, or placebo. Participants are chosen randomly to take either the new medication or a comparator (or placebo). If trials are successful, regulators may approve the new drug/treatment for public use after careful review of the data. Phase 4 involves trials done after the approval. More information about the drug’s effects is gathered through additional observation and study.

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Medication-Assisted Treatment for Substance Abuse

https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment A resident of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wayne Macfadden MD is a Psychiatrist with more than 30 years of professional experience. For many years, Wayne Macfadden MD has diagnosed and treated different kinds of addictions and mental conditions and has led several patients through Substance Use Disorder recovery by using both non-medication and medication-assisted treatments. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) comprises the use of FDA-approved medications alongside behavioral therapies and counseling to provide a holistic approach to the treatment of Substance Use Disorders. The FDA-approved medications used in MAT include naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine. In combination with psychosocial support, these drugs have proven to be safe and effective in the treatment of opioid dependence, and the drugs may help patients stay in therapy longer, encouraging a successful and sustainable recovery. MAT commonly is used in the treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders and Opioid Use Disorders. The approved medications block the opioid's euphoric effects to normalize body functions and relieve withdrawal symptoms. Since its application in clinical practice, MAT has yielded useful results, such as enhancing patients' survival, improving their memory, and increasing their chances of gaining and maintaining employment. MAT also has proven of immense value for the treatment of pregnant women who are severely addicted..

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Substance Use Disorders in the Native American Community

Wayne Macfadden, MD is Board Certified in Psychiatry with additional credentials in addiction medicine. Following appointments as a Clinical Assistant Professor and Medical Director, Wayne Macfadden MD worked as a Staff Psychiatrist with the Spirit Lake Indian Nation Tribal Health Center. Due to the combination of historical, social, and economic factors, Native Americans have disproportionately higher rates of Substance Use Addiction. Traumatic intergenerational experiences, such as genocide and institutional discrimination, have increased the prevalence of risk factors for substance use in Native American communities. For example, Native Americans are more likely to live in areas with high unemployment rates and low-quality schools. Additionally, many have experienced trauma but have limited access to mental health resources; thus many may attempt to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol. While more than 10 percent of Native Americans require some type of addiction treatment, fewer than 4 percent have access to adequate care. The lack of culturally-competent treatment programs that incorporate Native American belief systems can also impede access to medical treatment.

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I published “Schizophrenia as a Spectrum Disorder” on @Medium https://ift.tt/33v6S09

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Treatment Approaches for Opioid Addiction

Psychiatrist Wayne Macfadden, MD possesses an extensive background in pharmaceutical research and clinical development. Wayne Macfadden MD leverages his experience in his work with patients with Substance Use Disorders. He specializes in medically-assisted treatment (MAT), an approach commonly used to treat opioid addiction. MAT involves the use of medications, such as buprenorphine and naltrexone, to assist patients in their recovery from Opioid Use Disorder. The ongoing opioid crisis causes more than a hundred deaths every day in the United States. The crisis is driven by the over prescription of highly-addictive pain medication for patients with chronic pain disorders. For this reason, treating Opioid Use Disorder is often viewed as a public health crisis. The most effective approaches increase access to addiction services, prevent death from overdoses, and prevent people from developing Opioid Use Disorders in the first place. Addiction treatment often includes medication-assisted treatment using non-addictive drugs such as naltrexone and therapeutic services through telemedicine. Many cities have equipped first responders with overdose-reversing treatments to dispense during emergencies. Additionally, physicians serving patients with chronic pain due to an ongoing condition are advised to prescribe non-addictive pain management protocols.

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I published “What Is Risperidone?” on @Medium https://ift.tt/2RPLmwM

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I published “Apathy — A Brief Overview” on @Medium https://ift.tt/3modHIq

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Signs of Substance Abuse Disorder

As Psychiatrist at the North Dakota Spirit Lake Indian Health Center, Wayne Macfadden MD, treats a variety of mental health issues, with a focus on substance abuse. Wayne Macfadden, MD, and his team founded the only Suboxone® (buprenorphine ) treatment clinic on an Indian reservation in the state and one of a very few on any Indian reservation in the US. Dr. Macfadden is also certified in the subspecialty of Addiction Medicine by the American Board of Preventative Medicine. Although there are known signs of Substance Abuse Disorder, such as intense cravings and a rise in risky behavior, there are also some less obvious indicators. Depending on which substance is being abused, physical signs of substance abuse may include bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, and frequent sniffling. The affected individual might also experience sudden weight loss or gain. Besides these physical signs, there are behavioral signs to look out for too, such as an unexplained need for money, changes in friends, and frequent travels. There are also psychological signs to observe, such as difficulty concentrating, depression, mood swings, irritability, and increased aggression.

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I published “How Substance Abuse Shapes the Brain’s Functionality” on @Medium https://ift.tt/3ls5Itq

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I published “Does Substance Abuse or Mental Illness Come First?” on @Medium https://ift.tt/2FHQXlZ