Parathyroid glands are four small glands of the endocrine system which regulate calcium and phosphate. They are located in the neck behind the thyroid.
Parathyroids are NOT related to the thyroid (just neighbours). however they share a similar blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatic drainage.
You can easily live with one (or even ½) parathyroid gland.
Parathyroid glands control calcium and phosphate levels by producing Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
PTH increases blood calcium levels by directly stimulating osteoblasts and thereby indirectly stimulating osteoclasts (through RANK/RANKL mechanism) to break down bone and release calcium.
PTH increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption by activating vitamin D, and promotes calcium conservation (reabsorption) by the kidneys.
PTH is the major regulator of serum phosphate concentrations via actions on the kidney.
Inhibites of proximal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus.
Activates vitamin D - absorption (intestinal) of Phosphate is increased.
Decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone.
Lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction), and other symptoms.
Can be inherited, but it is also encountered after thyroid or parathyroid gland surgery, and it can be caused by immune system-related damage
The treatment of hypoparathyroidism is limited as there is no exact form of the hormone that can be administered as replacement.
Tumours can form on the parathyroid glands, but they are usually benign adenomas.