Jaylece 💋

Think Less, Live More ; I'm a Sunflower in this world full of Rose ; Scorpio 27 Boar | 2:55 a.m

[airagiee]

alma perdida

She’s a Sunflower in this world full of Rose

[airagiee]

Monday. August 14 2017- 5th Blog E-notes

Advanced English Grammar

Last Monday, we talked about....

What Is a Demonstrative Pronoun?

The demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives modify nouns - the most popular are this, that, these and those. The only difference between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives is that demonstrative adjectives are followed by nouns while demonstrative pronouns are not.

Defining a Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns are the same pronouns used for demonstrative adjectives - this, that, these and those. The difference is in the sentence structure.

·         The demonstative pronoun takes the place of the noun phrase.

·         The demonstrative adjective is always followed by a noun.

For example, here are some demonstrative pronouns that are taking the place of the underlined noun phrase:

·         The food you’re cooking smells delicious. --> That smells delicious.

·         The pretzel-like yoga move we’re doing really hurts. --> This really hurts.

·         What is the strange, polka-dotted, Sasquatch-like creature coming toward us? --> What is that?

·         The cockroaches currently giving birth under our kitchen sink are totally gross. --> Those are totally gross.

·         The delicious, pink petit fours on my plate are my favorites. --> These are my favorites.

There are three other words that are sometimes used as demonstrative pronouns - such, none, and neither.

Examples are: 

·         He will allow none.

·         Neither will do.

·         Such is the human race, often it seems a pity that Noah... didn't miss the boat. - Mark Twain

Using a Demonstrative Pronoun

Typically, when you use a demonstrative pronoun, you will either need to indicate what you’re talking about by pointing or otherwise gesturing toward it, or your listener(s) will need to be looking at it as well. For this reason, demonstrative pronouns are mostly used in spoken English.

However, demonstrative pronouns can be used in written English if the context makes clear the noun to which the demonstrative pronoun refers. A list, for example, in close proximity to (either before or after) “these” or “those” would be clear enough.

·         “Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens, bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens, brown paper packages tied up with strings – these are a few of my favorite things.”

Or you could refer to a description of an object, activity or situation as “this” or “that” if you do so immediately following the description.

·         They make you wear rented shoes, you always smell bad when you leave, my thumb nail always breaks off, and I’m not good at it. That is why I hate bowling.

Defining a Demonstrative Adjective

As mentioned earlier, the four demonstrative adjectives are this, that, these and those. They are adjectives because they modify nouns. That means they come before nouns in a sentence. For example:

·         Is this book yours or mine?

·         Did you finally throw away that old t-shirt?

·         These shoes smell disgusting.

·         I told you those old magazines were a fire hazard.

Demonstrative adjectives indicate exactly which noun the speaker means and where it is (or they are) relative to the position of the speaker.

·         If the noun in question is nearby, he uses this (singular) or these (plural).

·         If the noun is out of the speaker’s reach, he uses that (singular) or those (plural).

Then he always follows the demonstrative with any other accompanying adjectives in their proper order and finally, the noun.

So what is a demonstrative pronoun? It’s a single demonstrative word that takes the place of a noun, a noun phrase, a string of noun phrases, an activity, or a situation in both written and spoken English.

Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. You see them used everyday with the most common relative pronouns being: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.

Defining Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is usually seen in a sentence at the beginning of an adjective clause. An adjective clause functions as an adjective, modifying nouns and pronouns. 

An adjective clause starts with either a relative adverb:

·         where, when, and why

or a relative pronoun such as:

·         that, who, whom, whose, or which

Example (with relative pronoun underlined and adjective clause in italics): The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.

Here is a full list of relative pronouns:

that, when, which, whichever, whichsoever, who, whoever, whosoever, whom, whomever, whomsoever whose, whosesoever whatever, whatsoever

Following are examples of sentences that have adjective clauses starting with relative pronouns (relative pronouns are underlined).

·         Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy.

·         This is the book that everyone is talking about.

·         She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.

·         We didn’t bring the receipt, which was a big mistake.

·         I have a friend whose cat is annoying.

·         People who are clever can always find a way.

·         Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were popular.

·         Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. - Erma Bombeck

Relative pronouns are similar to conjunctions in that they provide a link between a clause and the balance of the sentence. The difference from a conjunctions is that a relative pronoun doesn't just bring attention to the clause. The relative pronoun actually plays the role of a noun in the clause.

Interrogative Pronoun

If you want to know whether a pronoun is an interrogative pronoun, just ask. No, really! An interrogative pronoun is used when asking questions. The trick is, they can actually be only used in a question. Even if they can be used as different kinds of pronouns in different contexts, you can only call them interrogative pronouns if they are being used in a question format.

Defining an Interrogative Pronoun

An interrogative pronoun often stands for something that we are not aware of yet, because we are asking about it. We use these pronouns specifically to ask questions. These pronouns are special because they all start with “Wh”, which makes them easy to remember.  

Do not confuse them with what most elementary school teachers call the “5 W’s – who, what, where, why, and when,” because in reality, these are not all interrogative pronouns.

The interrogative pronouns that most English speakers are aware of are:

whom, whose, who, what, and which

These are the pronouns that help English speakers find out information. The words “whatsoever” and “whichever” are also used sometimes, and they are considered interrogative pronouns as well. 

W Words That Are Not Interrogative Pronouns

Wait – not so fast! These pronouns can also be used in sentences that are not questions. In those cases, these pronouns are not interrogative. 

There are several other words that start with a W – but watch out! They are not interrogative pronouns just because they are words that start with W and are in questions! 

·         For example, “when” is not an interrogative pronoun. Neither is “why” or "where."

Also remember that unlike other pronouns, sometimes interrogative pronouns do not have antecedents because you are not yet sure what they really are! 

Examples of Interrogative Pronouns

Below are a few examples of interrogative pronouns being used correctly in questions:

·         What is your favorite color?

·         Whose shirt is this?

·         Whatsoever do you mean by that?

·         Whom were you speaking with last night?

·         Which of these two do you prefer?

These are a few examples that are incorrect: 

1.     When do you have to wake up tomorrow?

2.     I don’t know where she was going.

  The pronoun is one of the most terrifying masks man has invented. 

John Fowles 

[airagiee]

Monday. August 7 2017- 4th Blog E-notes 

Advanced English Grammar

 Last Monday some of the Demo Teachers are not around so we continued the discussion about NOUNS and here it goes ....

Position in a Structured Sentence: Understanding the Practice of Noun Cases

What are Noun Cases?

The CASE of a noun tells us about the position of that noun in a sentence.  

5 Noun Cases

Nominative Case          

Objective Case (Accusative Case)

Dative Case

Possessive Case (Genitive Case)

Vocative Case                

Nominative Case

indicates the subject of a sentence.

ü  The painter paints the portraits.

ü  Mr. Lee is an intelligent man.

Objective Case (Accusative Case)

indicates direct object (of verb and of     preposition).

ü  I met your sister. 

ü  This is one of my policies. 

Possessive Case (Genitive Case)

certain prepositions are needed.

displays apostrophe ‘s

ü  The land of the church.

ü  John’s sister has been hospitalized. 

ü  It is our idea.

Dative Case

indicates indirect object (of the verb).

recipient of direct object.

ü  The Postman brought me a letter.

ü  The teacher gave the students few exercises.

Vocative Case

used for direct address.

ü  Mr. Brown, students are waiting for you in the main hall.

ü  Chairman, all the letters are posted two days ago.

To sum it all…

Nominative

states the function of the subject

Objective states the function of direct object (of verb and of preposition)

Possessive indicates the word/s with apostrophe ‘s and the preposition

of

Dative states the function of indirect object (of the verb)

Vocative indicates the word/s that is/are being addressed

COMPOUND NOUNS

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives. For example: The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them together they form a new word - toothpaste.

Compound Noun Examples

The more you read and write, the more compound noun examples you’ll encounter. The following sentences are just a few examples of compound nouns. Compound noun examples have been italicized for easy identification.

Compound nouns can be made with two nouns:

Let’s just wait at this bus stop.

I love watching fireflies on warm summer nights.

While you’re at the store, please pick up some toothpaste, a six-pack of ginger ale, and some egg rolls.

Compound nouns can be made with an adjective and a noun:

Let’s watch the full moon come up over the mountain.

Please erase the blackboard for me.

Compound nouns can be made with a verb and a noun:

Be sure to add bleach to the washing machine.

Let’s be sure to stay somewhere with a swimming pool.

Compound nouns can be made with a noun and a verb:

He always gets up before sunrise.

I really could use an updated hairstyle.

Compound nouns can be made with a verb and a preposition:

Checkout is at noon.

Please remember to schedule your dog’s annual check-up.

Compound nouns can be made with a noun and a prepositional phrase:

My mother-in-law is the kindest person I know.

Compound nouns can be made with a preposition and a noun:

Do you believe in past lives?

This city is vibrant, so it’s hard to believe it has a thriving criminal underworld.

Compound nouns can be made with a noun and an adjective:

We need a truckful of mulch for the garden.

Personal Pronouns

&

Indefinite Pronouns

 Pronoun

•       is a word or phrase that can substitute a noun or noun phrase.

( I, he, she, it, we, they, you, me, us, our, everybody, who, this, those, myself, herself, them)

Antecedent

•       a word or phrase that is represented by another word.

•       the noun replaced by a pronoun.

Classification of  Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

•       are words associated with certain persons, animals, things or places.

•       usually replace nouns representing people.

•       usually used to avoid repetition and help ease the flow of sentences.

 Characteristics Of Personal Pronouns

1. Three persons

(point of view)

 Ø  1st person – the one(s) speaking

{I , me, my,  mine , we , us, our, ours}

ex: Tomorrow I will meet Joey at three o’clock.

( I = first person pronoun, the speaker)

Ø  2nd person – the one(s) spoken to

{you, your, yours}

ex: Which of the two series do you want?

(you = second person pronoun, the ones spoken to)

Ø  3rd person – the one(s) spoken about

{he,  him,  his,  she, her, hers,  it , its,  they,  their,  theirs}

ex: She was assigned to clean the house.

(she = third person pronoun, the ones spoken about)

2. Three

genders

Ø  Feminine gender

               {she, her, hers]

ex: She sent her homework  via e-mail yesterday.

Ø  Masculine gender

               {he, him, his}

ex: People enjoy his company when he begins to tell jokes.

Ø  Neuter gender

               {it, its, they them, their, theirs}

ex: The tree will bear its fruits starting tomorrow.

3. Two

numbers

Ø  Singular

               {I,  me,  my,  mine,  you,  your,  yours,  he,  him,  his,  she,  her,  hers, it, its}

Ø  Plural

               {we,  us,  our,  ours, you, your, yours, they,  them,  their,  theirs}

4. Three

cases

Ø  Subjective (Nominative) Case

-          used to replace a common or proper noun as the subject of the sentence.

-          used as a subject or a subject complement of the sentence following a linking verb.

Ø  NOTE:

Ø  Subject of a sentence – the doer of the action in a sentence.

Ø  Subject complement – a word that renames or gives more information about the subject.

Ø  Linking verb – word (is, seems) that connects the subject to the subject complement.

Ø  Objective (Accusative) Case

               - any pronoun that is affected by the action of the subject of the sentence.

               - takes the place of the object in the sentence (the noun that receives the action).

               - when the pronoun is the direct or indirect object of the verb or when it is used as the object of the preposition.

NOTE:

Direct object – a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase which indicates the person or thing that receives the action of a verb.

Indirect object – a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that occurs in addition to a direct object after some verbs, and indicates the person or thing that receives what is being given or done.

Object of the Preposition – when a pronoun is linked to a preposition (at, in, on, to, with), it becomes a prepositional phrase and is said to be the object of the preposition.

Ø  Possessive (Genitive) Case

               - any pronoun that is used to show ownership or possession of something.

NOTE:

There are two sets of possessive pronouns.

•       Possessive pronouns – possessive pronouns which replace nouns they refer to (they don’t modify nouns).

•       Possessive adjectives – possessive pronouns which  always modify the nouns.

NOTE:

•       Possessive adjectives cannot be used independently because they always modify the nouns they refer to. They should always be preceded by a noun when used.

NOTE:

•       Possessive pronouns don’t use apostrophes. They always show ownership so it’s not necessary to add ‘s to show ownership.

•       [it’s and its]

•       {Roxanne’s}

Indefinite Pronouns

•       known to be the largest group of pronouns, used for non-specific things.

•       refers to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places.

NOTE:

•       Most indefinite pronouns also function as other parts of speech.

example:

Clarke has one job in the day and another at night. (pronoun)

She would like to have another job. (adjective)

•       Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

example:

The  accident that happened is nobody’s fault.

“Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.”

 – Benjamin Franklin

[airagiee]

Monday,July 31, 2017- Advanced English Grammar E-Notes #3

Ma’am Claire is not around but her St’s are present . Today is the first batch of Demo Teaching and they talked about NOUNS.

WHAT IS NOUNS?

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun.

Proper nouns have two distinct features: They name specific one-of-a-kind items, and they begin with capital letters, no matter where they occur within a sentence.

Common nouns are words used to name general items rather than specific ones.

Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted. They have both singular and plural forms (e.g. cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries). In the singular, they can be preceded by a or an. Most nouns come into this category.

quantifiers to know if a noun is countable:

a/an 

the 

numbers

some/any 

many 

few/ a few 

how many

A smaller number of nouns do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form: these are known as uncountable nouns (or mass nouns). Examples include: rain, flour, earth, wine, or wood. Uncountable nouns can't be preceded by a or an. Many abstract nouns are typically uncountable, e.g. happiness, truth, darkness, humour. 

Uncountable nouns always takes a singular form.

We cannot use a/an or numbers before these uncountable nouns

the quantifiers to indicate that a noun is an uncountable:

some/any

much 

little/a little 

how much 

Uncountable nouns uses partitives. Partitives are used to refer to a part as a whole

Concrete nouns are things that you can experience through your five senses: sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

Abstract nouns are like the opposite of concrete nouns. These are nouns that name things you cannot see, smell, taste, hear, or touch. They refer to emotions, ideas, concepts, tenets, beliefs, or your state of being.

Material noun can be defined as “Material Noun are names of materials or substances out of which things are made. Ex: gold, iron, silver etc.”

Material nouns are names given to the raw elements or objects exist in the nature and cannot be created by human being, however many new things can be created by man using raw materials. The main source of raw materials are nature, animals and plants. We have provided below the list of common nouns under various categories such as:

Material nouns from nature: water, air, silver, gold, iron, copper, sand, coal, rock, sunlight, rain, earth, salt, etc.

Material nouns from animals: egg, meat, honey, milk, silk, leather, wool, etc.

Material nouns from plants: cotton, food, oil, wood, jute, coffee, medicine, tea, rubber, perfume, etc.

Man made material nouns: acid, alcohol, asphalt, brick, cement, butter, chalk, ghee, cheese, dacron, ebony, enamel, felt, gelatin, paraffin, cloth, etc.

Masculine genders are nouns that are specific only for the male sex.. Feminine genders are nouns that are specific only for the female sex. Common Genders are nouns that can be used in either sex. Neuter Genders are nouns that are called for lifeless things and is neither a male or a female.

Plural Noun Rules

There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently when writing, it’s important to know all of them! The correct spelling of plurals usually depends on what letter the singular noun ends in.

1 To make regular nouns plural, add ‑s to the end.

cat – cats

house – houses

2 If the singular noun ends in ‑s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add ‑es to the end to make it plural.

truss – trusses

bus – buses

marsh – marshes

lunch – lunches

tax – taxes

blitz – blitzes

3 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.

fez – fezzes

gas –gasses

4 If the noun ends with ‑f or ‑fe, the f is often changed to ‑ve before adding the -s to form the plural version.

wife – wives

wolf – wolves

Exceptions:

roof – roofs

belief – beliefs

chef – chefs

chief – chiefs

5 If a singular noun ends in ‑y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to ‑ies to make the noun plural.

city – cities

puppy – puppies

6 If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.

ray – rays

boy – boys

7 If the singular noun ends in ‑o, add ‑es to make it plural.

potato – potatoes

tomato – tomatoes

Exceptions:

photo – photos

piano – pianos

halo – halos

With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:

volcanoes

volcanos

8 If the singular noun ends in ‑us, the plural ending is frequently ‑i.

cactus – cacti

focus – foci

9 If the singular noun ends in ‑is, the plural ending is ‑es.

analysis – analyses

ellipsis – ellipses

10 If the singular noun ends in ‑on, the plural ending is ‑a.

phenomenon – phenomena

criterion – criteria

11 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

sheep – sheep

series – series

species – species

deer –deer

You need to see these nouns in context to identify them as singular or plural. Consider the following sentence:

Mark caught one fish, but I caught three fish.

IRREGULAR NOUNS

For most nouns that end in "f" or "fe," you drop the "f" or "fe" and add "ves"

Knife = knives

Wife = wives

Half = halves

Loaf = loaves

For many words that end in "us," change the "us" to an "i" (especially if it comes from a Latin word). There are many exceptions to this rule and it is becoming more acceptable to add "es" instead of changing to "i"

Cactus = cacti

fungus = fungi

syllabus = syllabi

For nouns that end in "o" you add either "s" or "es". (Generally, most nouns ending in "o" just add "s" to make the plural, especialy if there's a vowel before the final "o")

Zoo = zoos

Studio = studios

Tomato = tomatoes

Potato = potatoes

Some words ending in "o" can be spelled either way

Banjo = banjos or banjoes

Flamingo = flmaingos or flmaingoes

For many words that end in "is," change the "is" to an "es"

hypothesis = hypotheses

oasis = oases

crisis = crises

Nouns that end in "um" often become plural by changing "um" to "a"

bacterium = bacteria

medium = media

curriculum = curicula

Words that Change Form

Certain words do not add a letter to the end, but instead change the word itself. These words simply need to be memorized. Some examples include:

Man to men

Foot to feet

Tooth to teeth

Goose to geese

“All the facts of nature are nouns of the intellect, and make the grammar of the eternal language. Every word has a double, trebleor centuple use and meaning.”

-Ralph Waldo Emerson

[airagiee]

Advanced English Grammar – E-notes no.2

(July 24 2017)

Last Monday, I have learned that .....

Language –

Is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used for human communication.

®     SYSTEM – system of sounds etc.; rules that we follow

®     ARBITRARY-  not planned or chosen; no particular connection

®     HUMAN COMMUNICATION- animals don’t use language. They communicate through their instincts

Grammars –

Ø  Linguistics competence

-          Unconscious  knowledge

Ø  Linguistics Performance

-          Observable used of language

·         Descriptive grammar

-          It tells or describe your basic linguistics knowledge

·         Prescriptive grammar

-          It says that the language has a correct usage

·         Universal grammar

-          All language are the same

( Noam Chomsky )

Sapir Whorf Hypothesis

-          a hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience.

ü  Main theme of the movie ( ARRIVAL 1026 )

ü  Most popular

ü  Language directly influence our thoughts.

ü  Language directly determines our thoughts

HOPILANGUAGE

-          In the 1930s the linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf seized on these characteristics of the verbs of the Hopi language to illustrate the “Whorfian hypothesis”: language closely governs our experience of reality. The Hopi language frames the way in which the Hopi talk about their universe. The same holds true, in Whorf ’s view, for all individual languages and people.

            “You cannot think beyond your language” – Edward Sapir

Functional Grammar  (M.AK. Hulliday)

-          Study the function of word in a language

Ferdinand de Saussure

-          Father of modern linguistics

-          a Swiss linguist and semiotician. His ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in both linguistics and semiology in the 20th century.

Pedagological Grammar

-          A pedagogic grammar is a description of how to use the grammar of a language to communicate, for people wanting to learn the target language. It can be compared with a reference grammar, which just describes the grammar of the language. Pedagogic grammars contain assumptions about how learners learn, follow certain linguistic theories in their descriptions, and are written for a specific target audience.

Grammaticality

-          Correctness of grammar in particular sentences

                         “ Colourless green ideas sleep furiously”

-          Not acceptable but grammatically correct

Acceptability

-          Structure of sentence is correct but not acceptable because it doesn’t make sense.

After the discussion Ms.Claire gave us the format for our Lesson Plan (Demo Teaching) and she instructed us to make our draft for our lesson plan and here it goes ......

“The greater part of the world's troubles are due to questions of grammar.” ― Michel de Montaigne

[airagiee]

E-Notes Monday 1

07/03/2017 - My Advanced English Grammar Subject “ (ENGL 2053) started with a Diagnostic Test and Viola !!! I’ve got TWO correct answer after all the hardships and struggles in analyzing each of the sentences. This day I’m so happy because I’ve learned a lot, some words that I never thought it exist and how to use or how it was properly use in a sentence.

This are the following words that I will keep in mind from now on

- there are no word as irregardless

- full-time, not FULL TIME

Full-Time is different from FULL TIME. FULL-TIME modifies a noun, its an ADJECTIVE

-FLEDGED with a F not with the P

-Hand Delivers not HANDCARRY

- “ON”- Complete Date (Month Day Year)

“IN” - only Month or Year

-Biennial every two years, Biannual twice a year

-Staff Member one of the staff

-appraise

-unawares as an adjectives

- Lay low not Lie low

-inasmuch not in as much, just like insofar not in so far .. hmmm surprise ? me too but you can check it in a dictionary Yes, it exists.

-Ten-story building is correct. STOREY, is a british english

Learning is not a spectator sport. 

[airagiee]

My Lifetime Buddy