Annie B.zy

Science blog posts, ideas, interests

[anniebzy-blog]

Traces of Memories Processing during Sleep

Sleep is crucially important for humans, it helps us to rethink about the information that we thought of during the day and keeps it in our brain. The brain works by replaying our previous experience while we sleep, which in the end strengthens memories overnight. 

The researchers from Tübingen have discovered a new statistical pattern detection method to explain why. They recorded brain activity during sleep with electroencephalography (EEG). This machine works by measuring the electrical brain activity in participants who had studied different kinds of pictures under varied learning conditions. A vector machine known as the computerized algorithm distinguishes the different learning conditions and then applied to new test subjects in order to predict which kinds of pictures the participants had looked at before sleep. "The stronger the signs of reprocessing in sleep, the better our subjects remembered the material in the morning. Thus, our study provides initial evidence that sleep-dependent processing of memories actually leads to their stabilization," explains Dr. Monika Schönauer (Science Daily, 2017). 

 A major part of this research was to find a method that could identify the fluctuations of brain electrical activity in sleep that were caused by previous learning. Dr. Steffen Gais, the leading scientist, suggested that “Pattern recognition is a highly sensitive method, which is becoming more and more widely adopted in the life sciences” (Science Daily, 2017). It is believed that with the help of multivariate pattern recognition algorithms, it will allow more scientists to investigate previously hidden processes like dreams and spontaneous thought processes. 

It is fascinating to see how memory processes during our sleep. Before sleep, I I always rethink the events that happened throughout the day and it seems clearer than during the day because when I am not doing any physical activities I tend to concentrate on thinking. Reading this article connected my thoughts to the participants who were given a pattern to study before sleep, and discovering that memory actually processes during sleep. Although there is a big difference from what I experienced, it is amazing to see how machines can detect brain activity during sleep. 

Citations:

"Finding Traces of Memory Processing during Sleep Date:." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 17 May 2017. Web. 18 May 2017.

Video Citation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NO-iUU8PIcE

[anniebzy-blog]

Creating Reduced-fat Chocolates that melt in your mouth

VIDEO: https://youtu.be/bt7tzEzEg5o STOP AT 2:00

Chocolates are a crowd favourite because of its irresistibly smooth texture, melt-in-your-mouth feeling, and its capability to satisfy sweet tooths. Putting those aside, for now, chocolates are packed with fat, even though there are benefits to the body because of the cacao beans. There are definitely times when you feel guilty after a few bites of chocolate. That is why scientists are working on an alternative ingredient to fat that could still reinstate chocolate’s delightful melting properties. 

 There are some healthy alternatives to regular chocolate at healthy supermarkets such as Whole Foods, which carries vegan and non-fat chocolates. However, reducing the fat in chocolate significantly drops the satisfaction scale, ruining its smooth texture and viscosity. From previous researches, it is shown that adding limonene, ‘a compound found in lemons and oranges (ScienceDaily, 2017)’, can make smoother and softer chocolates that melts more easily than a regular reduced-fat chocolate. This is some great news for chocolate lovers.

 Discussing the main parts of this study, researchers focused on this part: The crystallization of one of its important ingredients, cocoa butter, which needs several transformations at different times and temperature to make a successful chocolate. They examined crystallization at 63 F and 69 F using different scanning process and X-ray diffraction to examine cocoa butter profiles when limonene was added. The result came as that adding the compound to the cocoa butter crystallization at 63 F, acted as a catalyst that accelerated the crystallization process. However, it inhibited the cocoa butter crystallization at 68 F. This is not the only factor that caused the results. Changes in concentrations of limonene also contributed to the difference in crystallization steps of the cocoa butter, so they could hugely affect the texture of chocolate. 

In conclusion, the study suggests that varying amounts of limonene and the temperature at which chocolate is processed could lead to a smoother and a melt-in-your-mouth feel reduced-fat chocolate. 

Opinion: The article immediately grabbed my attention when the word ‘chocolate’ was mentioned. I was truly fascinated by the different discoveries researchers are coming up with now. I find this article really helpful and worth keeping because nowadays the main problem people are facing is with foods, especially the ones that are considered unhealthy. As a chocolate lover, I really enjoyed how the author compared the testing results using scientific terms such as ‘scanning calorimetry’, ‘diffraction’, and ‘inhibited’, which allowed me to fully comprehend the point of the article. 

Citations:

American Chemical Society. "Creating a reduced-fat chocolate that melts in your mouth." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 April 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160427150507.htm>.

[anniebzy-blog]

Cup of Coffee Could Fight Age-Related Inflammation

http://wallpapersafari.com/coffee-hd-wallpaper/

A statement from Stanford University states that, “The study’s findings may explain why coffee drinkers tend to live longer than those who do not drink coffee.” (Bucklin, Live Science Contributor, 2017)

The study had more than 100 people taking part in, it is called the Stanford-Ellison cohort, which aims to find out how the system changes during aging. Taking all parts of blood samples, survey data and medical and family histories, the results showed that the older participants had higher levels of an inflammatory protein, called IL-1-beta, in comparison to the younger participants. This study also states some risks the participants with higher levels of IL-1-beta inherit, which were greater risks of stiff arteries, high blood pressure, and mortality during the study period. 

To support this idea, researchers conducted another study on mice. On the mice, they found out that injecting it with substances that increased the production of IL-1-beta awakened large amounts of inflammation and hypertension, therefore, supporting the idea of a cause-effect relationship. 

Researchers once again looked at the blood samples of the older participants and found that those with higher levels of caffeine in their blood showed lower activation of these genes than participants with lower levels of caffeine. The researchers turned to the laboratory and wanted to confirm a cause-effect relationship by adding caffeine into human immune cells growing in lab dishes, along with compounds that would trigger inflammation. The results showed, unsurprisingly, that caffeine prevented these compounds from causing inflammation in cells. So, drinking coffee could be one way to decrease the inflammatory processes that naturally come with age. 

How do I feel after reading this?

Coffee has been around me for several years. My family loves a cup of coffee every morning. Before, I never really liked coffee, but really enjoyed mochas and macchiatos. I have heard many different facts and opinions on how coffee is good for your health, boosts your immune system, awakens you, etc. After reading this article, it proved to me that the facts were actually facts. I never knew a cup of coffee can bring so many benefits to your body, such as decrease in the inflammatory processes that naturally occur with age and is something we can’t prevent. This brings to the fact that coffee drinkers tend to live longer than those who do not drink coffee! 

Bibliography:

Bucklin, Stephanie. "Cup of Joe Could Fight Age-Related Inflammation." LiveScience. Purch, 16 Jan. 2017. Web. 16 Jan. 2017.

[anniebzy-blog]

Rare Glimpse of Feathered Dinosaur Tail from Amber Specimen

Researchers from China, Canada, and the University of Bristol have discovered a complete dinosaur tail trapped inside a piece of amber. “The new material preserves a tail consisting of eight vertebrae from a juvenile; these are surrounded by feathers that are preserved in 3D and with microscopic detail. (Ryan McKellar, Royal Saskatchewan Museum, 2016).”

The amber specimen was discovered by Lida Xing, from the China University of Geosciences in Beijing, at an amber market in Myitkyina, Myanmar (a country bordering China, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, and India) in 2015. At the amber market, the amber piece was seen as some kind curious plant inclusion jewelry, but Xing recognized its scientific importance and suggested to buy the specimen. The specimen appeared to represent the feathered tail of a theropod preserved mid-Cretaceous amber that existed about 99 million years ago. Xing and his colleagues used CT scanning and microscopic observations to get a closer look. From the observations, the feather suggested that the tail had chestnut brown upper surface and a pale or white inside. "It's amazing to see all the details of a dinosaur tail -- the bones, flesh, skin, and feathers -- and to imagine how this little fellow got his tail caught in the resin, and then presumably died because he could not wrestle free. (Mike Benton, University of Bristol, 2016)” Another piece of information the amber brings is that it captures one of the earliest moments of differentiation between the feathers of birds of flight and the feathers of dinosaurs.

“The researchers also examined the chemistry of the tail inclusion where it was exposed at the surface of the amber. (Science Daily, 2016).” The result shown was that the soft tissue layer around the bones retained traces of ferrous iron, which was a relic left over from hemoglobin that was also trapped in the sample.

After reading the two articles I was shocked by how a piece of amber from 99 million years ago appeared in an amber market! It is amazing to see researchers get their hands on such a huge thing and discovering that dinosaurs once had feathers, just like birds. Personally, I think the author did a great job including scientific vocabularies to support the discoveries made by Lida Xing. It is much more interesting to read and get to know information such as there are traces of ferrous iron left in a relic that was left from a dinosaur from 99 millioin years ago.

Citations:

"Amber Specimen Offers Rare Glimpse of Feathered Dinosaur Tail." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Romey, Kristin. "First Dinosaur Tail Found Preserved in Amber." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 8 Dec. 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Picture Credit:

 Romey, Kristin. "First Dinosaur Tail Found Preserved in Amber." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 8 Dec. 2016. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbpJPwikMXA

[anniebzy-blog]

7 New Substances added to the Cancer-Causing List

"Approximately 12 percent of human cancers worldwide may be attributed to viruses," Linda Birnbaum, the director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program. “There are currently no vaccines available for the five viruses that have been added to the list,” Birnbaum said. Because of this, prevention strategies to avoid these viruses are "even more critical," she said. (Sara G. Miller, 2016)

Recently, seven new substances have been added to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ list of cancer-causing agents. Out of the seven, six of these are listed as “known” to cause cancer, and one is “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (NIH, 2016).” Five of the new substances on the list are viruses and are considered the “known carcinogens.” The viruses include human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpevirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). 

A chemical called trichloroethylene was also added to the list as a “known carcinogen,” according to the NIH. The chemical is an industrial solvent used to make hydrofluorocarbons, which are in the majority of appliances and products. Studies have shown a cause-and-effect link between the chemical and kidney cancer. The other substance added to the list was the element cobalt, a naturally occurring metal and can be found in rechargable batteries and blue picmented glass, tiles and ceramics. However, cobalt belongs to the “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen,” the NIH says. Which means there are no direct relations between cobalt and cancer in humans, but has cause cancer in animals. 

Although the 7 substances are part of the cancer-causing list, it does not mean that a substance or a virus will cause cancer by itself. There are many factors, including how susceptible a person is to the substance, how much of it they are exposed to and the time. The 7 substances bring the total list of carcinogens on the list to 248, according to NIH. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Miller, Sara G. "CANCER-CAUSING LIST." LIVE SCIENCE. Purch, 3 Nov. 2016. Web. 3 Nov. 2016.

VIDEO CITATION: Cherishyourhealthtv. "Cancer - Causes and Treatment of Cancer." YouTube. YouTube, 06 Feb. 2013. Web. 03 Nov. 2016.

[anniebzy-blog]

Do You Really Need 8 Cups of Water a Day?

The popular saying a lot of people hear, “8 cups of water a day, keep the doctor away”, is challenged by a multi-institute study led by Monash University. They revealed that a mechanism in our body that regulates fluid intake stops us from over drinking, which can cause fatal water intoxication. "If we just do what our body demands us to we'll probably get it right - just drink according to thirst rather than an elaborate schedule," Associate Professor Farrell said. The mechanism is known as the ‘swallowing inhibition,' the brain activates it after excess liquid consumption, (Monash University, 2016). 

Based on a previous study, the researchers asked participants to rate the amount of effort required to swallow water under the following conditions: after doing exercise while they were thirsty and later when they were persuaded to drink an excess amount of water. The results were unsurprising; it took way more effort to swallow water under a fully hydrated condition, which means they had to overcome some kind of resistance. During this time, the prefrontal areas of the brain were much more active when participants were swallowing with more effort. This suggests that the front cortex steps in to override the swallowing inhibition. "There has been cases when athletes in marathons were told to load up with water and died, in certain circumstances, because they slavishly followed these recommendations and drank far more than need," Professor Farrell said, (Monash University, 2016). 

As mentioned before, drinking too much water can cause what is referred to as water intoxication or hyponatremia. This is when the sodium level in the blood becomes abnormally low causing symptoms that range from lethargy and nausea to convulsions and coma. However, this study may not include the elderlies. According to a research, brain malfunction explains dehydration in elderly. Scientists have warned that the elderlies are at risk of becoming dehydrated because their brains underestimate how much water they need to drink to rehydrate. 

Citations: 

Video citation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1nwSuWr_q8

Picture citation: "How to Drink More Water on Your Mono Diet." Forums and Community. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

Florey Institute, Howard. "Brain Malfunction Explains Dehydration in Elderly." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 18 Dec. 2007. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

"How to Drink More Water on Your Mono Diet." Forums and Community. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

University, Monash. "Do You Really Need 8 Cups of Water a Day?"ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 07 Oct. 2016. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

[gracezheng31-blog]

Proteins Could Identify You at a Crime Scene

When it comes to investigating a crime scene, forensic scientists mainly rely on DNA, but recently researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California demonstrated that the proteins found in hair are just as remarkably reliable as DNA. Analyzing proteins and DNA can help prove a case more solidly.

DNA can be fragile and vulnerable to degradation with time and exposure to the environment; therefore experts disagree on whether such analysis is truly accurate. When DNA is not inside the living cells, it breaks down quickly. The cells that make up the hair shaft die off because they get stretched and they move away from their supply of nutrients as they grow. Mitochondria are where the only DNA that can survive inside hair is hidden, but the DNA doesn’t have all the information that the DNA from the cell’s nucleus would have. The very least amount of mitochondrial DNA in hair is usually not enough for identification, so they need to analyze the hair under a microscope by looking at the color and the clear physical characteristics of hair to decide whether the sample from the crime scene matches the suspects.

Proteins are a better option than DNA because proteins are more stable and they are more plentiful in hair. Furthermore, forensic scientists can identify the mutations in DNA by looking at the proteins because mutations in DNA get translated into proteins. They look for the protein structure’s changes so that they can infer what was in the original DNA. Proteins make up every strand of hair and it is more resilient to environmental damage than DNA. Even mild Variations in the proteins found in hair can be used to identify individuals. Since proteins are more stable than DNA, proteins can be used to solve long-forgotten cases.

The researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have made a set of 185 protein markers in human hair that can be used to distinguish one person in a group of 1 million.

Proteins can be an option when DNA is not available and there is potential that in the future forensic scientists will rely on proteins. DNA profiling and protein markers could be used together to identify humans.

I support proteins as another option for identifying individuals. It will support the forensic scientists greatly and save them a lot of time. My questions are: when will forensic scientists start using proteins formally in identifying individuals and in the future, will they use proteins as the only way to identify people at the crime scene or will they use both proteins and DNA? These are some questions to think about.

 Citations:

Griffiths, Sarah. “To Catch a Hairy Thief! Humans Can Be Identified by the Proteins in Their Hair Even 250 Years after Their Death.” Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 07 Sept. 2016. Web. 17 Sept. 2016.

Healy, Melissa. “Move over DNA. Scientists Can Identify You Based on the Unique Pattern of Proteins in Your Hair.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 9 Sept. 2016. Web. 17 Sept. 2016.

“Proteins In Your Hair Could Uniquely Identify You At A Crime Scene.” Popular Science. Knvul Sheikh, 9 Sept. 2016. Web. 17 Sept. 2016.

[anniebzy-blog]

This is a very interesting topic! You thoroughly discussed how proteins will benefit proofing cases and provided a brief introduction of DNA. The data you provided from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory helped a lot when reading this article.This is a topic that can be expanded with time and new research, it would be better if you connect it with another related topic to make this article even more interesting!!!!

[emmaliu1028-blog]

Scientific Journaling

The blog, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/bats-hidden-extinction/ found from Scientific American “Are Bats Facing a Hidden Extinction Crisis?” published by John R. Platt on August 12, 2016 is mainly talked about how scientist only have very limited information about the extinction of the bats in the world. First of all, Jessica Welch, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Tennessee, said “the conservation status of 28 percent of the world’s known bat species is not currently understood. Nearly 200 species are currently listed as “data deficient.” Another 166 have never been evaluated for their extinction risk.” in the article. Secondly, nearly half of the world’s 1,296 bat species will climb or shrink in the population trend are still unknown. We also do not know the bat population sizes in those 635 species. The reason is collecting trend data for the bat population in the field is a difficult  mission.  For example, a rare bat species found in Thailand and Nepal called Eptesicus dimissus, has only be discovered once or twice by the scientist since it was first recorded in Royal Chitwan National Park. The bat habitat is only 13 square kilometres and that makes it difficult to survive and be protected from the predator. Fortunately, some previous research had help us to find the geographic range of the bat species, for example some of them are living on the island, and how many litters they have per year. The IUCN (International Union For Conservation of Nature) Red List have higher or lower extinction risks than their most recent evaluation. As a result, the calculated bat population can be used to help them from extinction. The next step is to prioritize which bat species need to be focused, so they won’t be extinct as those Brazil’s Bats, the Ghost Bat, and Christmas Island Bat. Questions: What are some of the ways that we can use to prevent bats from extinction? What is the role the bats play in the ecosystem?

MLA Reference: Platt, John R. “Are Bats Facing a Hidden Extinction Crisis?” Extinction Countdown. Scientific American, 12 Aug. 2016. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

[anniebzy-blog]

Very well written report. It is nice to see all the data about your topic and I liked how you included the ‘next step’. This is a very interesting topic and I hope you can relate to other topics with links attached. 

[anniebzy-blog]

MOST HUMPBACK WHALES ARE NO LONGER ENDANGERED

“Some humpbacks are on the road to recovery … but the job isn’t finished,” (Morell, 2016). This article discussed how the US government has finally removed most humpback whales from the endangered species list on Tuesday the 6th. 

Although the job is yet to be done, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said the Marine Mammal Protection Act protects the humpbacks from whaling. With the new plan, the whales will be categorized into 14 distinct population sections. Nine of the population including the ones breeding from Hawaii, Australia, and the West Indies, no longer need the protection under the Endangered Species Act.

However, there are still five species remained on the endangered species list because of their low population and continued threats. "Humpback populations in the Arabian Sea, Cape Verde Islands/Northwest Africa, western North Pacific, and Central America remain listed endangered. (Morell, 2016)" Monsell stated it had surprised the scientists that there are only about 3200 animals, which was half of what they have thought. But the question that comes to peoples’ minds are, how did the endangered humpback whales escape extinction? The dividing method covers most of the reasons how humpback whales escaped extinction.

The article concluded with NOAA's intention to "monitor the populations for the next decade to ensure their continued success. (Morell, 2016)" 

From what I perceived, the humpback whales have been classified into 14 population sections rather than single population. The new plan is very pleasing to me because, with the move, whales can be categorized more specifically and therefore makes it easier to classify the whales and do better research on them. I was quite surprised by the fact that humpback whales have been endangered for almost 46 years! I liked how the author included data about the 'still endangered whales' and how the scientists think of it, this makes the report a lot more interesting. 

It is nice seeing the whales, and other species, such as, giant pandas, slowly moving off the lists of endangered species. 

The giant pandas, listed as endangered since 1990, are moving from endangered to vulnerable!

Link to Giant Pandas are no longer endangered article: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/pandas-vulnerable-endangered-species/ 

Bibliography:

@NewsfromScience. "Most Humpback Whales No Longer Endangered, United States Says." Science. AAAS, 07 Sept. 2016. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

"Most Humpback Whales No Longer Endangered." YouTube. N.p., 07 Sept. 2016. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Link to Giant Pandas are no longer endangered article: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/pandas-vulnerable-endangered-species/ 

[emmaliu1028-blog]

ELEPHANT FOOTPRINTS ARE FILLED WITH TINY CRITTERS

           In the piece “ELEPHANT FOOTPRINTS ARE FILLED WITH TINY CRITTERS” by Kate Baggaley, the author talks about the scientists concluded a point that “If the elephants disappear those habitats would vanish,” by finding there are 61 different species inside 30 water-filled prints. The footprints that the scientist found belong to the roaming elephants in Uganda’s Kibale Forest National Park. Then the researchers’ team start doing the experiment about the water-filled footprint. The result of the research is more than 400 animals quickly colonised inside the 18 fake footprints that the scientists created. The result gives the scientists a new discovery that a trail of footprints can be the “stepping stone for its tiny denizens”, and allowed them to travel. Elephant prints are also different homes and breeding grounds. Finally, the team concludes the point “If the elephants disappear those habitats would vanish.“ The author tried to persuade the audience by giving many details and numbers inside the pieces, for example, she first provides us with the exact address of the park that the scientist found the footprint, then she also gives us the correct number of how many footprint did the scientist sample. Details inside the pieces help the piece to be more convincing and believable.           This piece is also relating to the unit we are going to learn, which is biome. Biomes are enormous ecological areas on the earth’s surface, with fauna and flora adapting to their environment. The unit we are going to learn talks about food chain which the pieces is saying: If the elephants disappear those habitats would vanish. That means the critters under the elephant’s foot and be carry by the elephant to go anywhere. If the elephants dead the tiny critters could only stay in the same footprint until the harsh weather kills them, then the food chain will be broken starting from the predators of critters and the higher level predators dead.

Bibliography: ESchooltoday. "What Is a Biome, and What Are the Major Types on Earth?” What Is a Biome, and What Are the Major Types on Earth? N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016. Baggaley, Kate. “Elephant Footprints Are Filled With Tiny Critters.” Popular Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2016.

[anniebzy-blog]

Please refer to my previous post for further explanation on how it affects the US market.

[anniebzy-blog]

Who will regulate Lab-grown Meat & Milk as they inch closer to the US market?

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/lab-grown-meat-inches-closer-us-market-industry-wonders-who-will-regulate

“So far, none of these synthetic foods has reached the marketplace. But a handful of startup companies in the United States and elsewhere are trying to scale up production" (Devitt, 2016).

In this article, Devitt discussed how lab-developed burgers are introduced to the market as well as how the US will regulate. Labs have been continually developing artificial products such as food flavoring, food coloring, and materials for better profit. Now, they have begun to merge meat and dairy products into their development. When researchers from Maastricht University in Netherland first produced a lab-made burger from cultured in 2013, it questioned how the US government would regulate this cellular agriculture, 'which uses biotechnology instead of animals to make products such as meat, milk, and egg whites' (Devitt, 2016). Regulators in the US, such as USDA (US Department of Agriculture) regulates meat, poultry, and eggs, and FDA (Food and Drug Administration) oversees the safety and security of food. But the biotechnology meats do not fit cleanly into any of those categories, which caused a big problem. Many entrepreneurs in the California area, such as Memphis Meats and Perfect Day, target to sell cultured meat products and sell cow-free dairy products in the upcoming years. 

However, this might be something to cheer about for vegetarians. Since labs use biotechnology to make 'meat', then no animals are getting killed. But there is still one problem left, does the lab-grown burger taste the same as the real meat burger? Not quite. From this website: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2013/08/first-artificial-burger-gets-tepid-reviews-billionaire-financier-unmasked, the feedbacks weren't so great. Due to the lack of fat in the artificial burgers, it wasn't as juicy as the real burgers, and it just didn't taste right. Another problem was the color, 'because of a lack of myoglobin, which is an oxygen-binding protein in muscle bindings' (Kupferschmidt, 2016). This is a crucial problem that they are currently facing, but in the near future, it seems that the lab-grown burgers are not quite ready to take over the real meat burgers. 

Citations: 

@NewsfromScience. "As Lab-grown Meat and Milk Inch Closer to U.S. Market, Industry Wonders Who Will Regulate?" Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 24 Aug. 2016. Web. 01 Sept. 2016.

@NewsfromScience. "First Artificial Burger Gets Tepid Reviews, Billionaire Financier Unmasked." Science. N.p., 12 Jan. 2016. Web. 02 Sept. 2016.

Telegraphtv. "How World's First Test-tube Burger Was Grown." YouTube. YouTube, 05 Aug. 2013. Web. 02 Sept. 2016.