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Not today Justin
Monterey Bay Aquarium
❣ Chile in a Photography ❣
Kiana Khansmith
shark vs the universe
#extradirty
The Bowery Presents
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RMH
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The Bright Sessions
Cookie Run:Kingdom Official!
sheepfilms
The Stonewall Inn
almost home
Color Me Curious
taylor price
izzy's playlists!
KIROKAZE
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@black-nostaljack
Reblog in 40 seconds and you will be put on the path to achieve your dreams and find your fortune
Can’t hurt.
I’ve been rolling in the dough lately so it seems like these things are working 🙏🏻
No they literally work
I reblogged this the other day and literally got a settlement check from an old job. like LMAO ??????????????????????????
i’ve got nothing to lose lol
Need that 💰
This is the Money doll sending you all enchantments of blessings and wealth!
Like/reblog for unexpected money to come your way! Like/reblog on Wednesdays for more blessings!
🤷🏽♂️
This is the money pentacle. Reblog and unexpected money will come to you!
Shiiiiit. I reblogged, and I got $750 in two days for basically nothing! The first day this client/POT asked my agent to invite some girls and I to his end. We basically sipped wine and left with $500 each. He called me yesterday and we took a ride on my highway and gave me $250😂😂😂. Money blogs everyday any day!
Won’t chance it.
Yo this shit works not even gonna front like I didn’t just get money
Let me reblog this 2x then 😂
Do the thing pls
im screaming it worked lmfao
Not to be a “tumblr witch” but I’ll try anything twice
Guys…. I didn’t think it would work but wtf….I just checked my email…
I have an extra $600 I didn’t have before ;____;
Fuck it, I need the money 😂
money for school pls
Issa comeup
need that bmw i8 money thank u very much
first apartment deposit ty Jesus🤙🏿
‘Race and racism is a reality that so many of us grow up learning to just deal with. But if we ever hope to move past it, it can’t just be on people of color to deal with it. It’s up to all of us – Black, white, everyone – no matter how well-meaning we think we might be, to do the honest, uncomfortable work of rooting it out. It starts with self-examination and listening to those whose lives are different from our own. It ends with justice, compassion, and empathy that manifests in our lives and on our streets.’ — Michelle Obama
By /u/400-Rabbits
The Spanish Conquistadors regularly expressed their respect of both native weaponry and armor. Bernal Díaz del Castillo gives us our most vivid descriptions of combat when engaging with Mesoamerican forces. For instance, this passage from the second time the Spanish and Tlaxcalans clashed:
When, therefore, the attack commenced, a real shower of arrows and stones was poured upon us; the whole ground was immediately covered with heaps of lances, whose points were provided with two edges, so very sharp that they pierced through every species of cuirass, and were particularly dangerous to the lower part of the body, which was in no way protected.
There’s really two aspects to both native and foreign arms and armor being demonstrated here. One thing to note is that the Spanish who accompanied Cortés were very rarely wearing anything resembling full-body steel armor. Spanish accounts confirm that the “infantry” would have had at least a sword and shield, but armament beyond that was up to the individual soldier to supply for themselves. The most common pieces of armor mentioned are helmets, gorgets, and cuirasses, though the presence of these were not universal to all soldiers, nor did the initial arms and armor of the Spanish always last through the rigors of the campaign. To quote Díaz del Castillo again, he remarks that when a group was traveling back to the Gulf coast to confront Narvaez:
We were altogether in want of defensive armour, and on that night many of us would have given all we possessed for a cuirass, helmet, or steel gorget.
Even the steel cuirasses of the Spanish were not always protection from Mesoamerican weaponry, as the first passage quoted indicates. Díaz del Castillo himself writes about one instance where his steel cuirass was pierced by an atl-atl dart, and he was saved from serious injury only by the cotton armor he had taken to wearing underneath it. Indeed, the Spanish often took to adopting some form of the quilted cotton ichcahuipilli, sometimes paired with a Spanish cuirass but sometimes not, because of the both the protection and comfort it afforded.
Whatever steel armor the Spanish could afford for themselves did provide a more effective defense, but rarely did it protect the whole body. Ross Hassig notes, in his Mexico and the Spanish Conquest:
Clubs and swords had their effect, but Spanish steel armor was proof against most Indian projectile, except perhaps darts cast from very close range. Indeed, Spanish wounds were typically limited to the limbs, face, neck, and other vulnerable areas unprotected by armor…
Those unprotected areas could find themselves very vulnerable given the rain of arrows that accompanied assaults, and reports of injuries and deaths from volleys of arrows (and sling stones) are not uncommon in Conquistador accounts. Hassig, however, points to an advantage in the missile weapons of the Spanish, noting their crossbows and harquebuses were most effective at close range, with the inaccurate latter weapon even more effective against closely masses troops, as Mesoamerican military doctrine at the time tended to provide. Nevertheless, we see native forces sometimes retreating back to a point where the guns of the Spanish were largely ineffective, but that the bows of the indigenous archers could rain arrows down on the Spanish at a much greater rate then the Spanish crossbows could reply. If the Spanish were unlucky, as in the case of the Cordoba expedition in a Maya town, the arrow/sling barrage could keep them pinned down until more Maya forces arrived and swamped the Spanish, resulting in the loss of about 50 of the 100 Spanish soldiers, including Cordoba himself later dying from injuries.
If the Spanish were lucky, they could maintain a defensive formation and withdraw, using cavalry charges or artillery to break the lines of the opposing force. These are the tactics Cortés used in his clashes with the Tlaxcalans. No matter the defensive advantage of steel armor or the offensive advantages of crossbows, guns, and artillery on massed troops, the Spanish quite often found themselves having to maintain a defensive position and execute strategic withdrawals in the face of more numerous and better supplied foes who were quite capable of enacting grievous harm on them. Only with the alliance with native groups would the Spanish (and their allies) see a distinct military advantage. To quote Hassig again:
Thus, while the Spanish enjoyed greater firepower, which prevented their enemies from engaging them in organized formations, and although they could disrupt the enemy fron much more easily than could Mesoamerican armies, they were too few to exploit these breaches fully. If they joined forces with large Indian armies, however, these allies could exploit the breaches created by the Spaniards, while maintaining the integrity of their own units, because other Indian armies lacked the Spanish edge in arms and armor. Together they could wreak havoc on the enemy.
Ultimately, if we look at the clashes between Spanish and indigenous groups in Mesoamerica, neither guns, steel, or horses (or germs, for that matter), were decisive. While it is tempting to crudely lump the Aztecs into the “Stone Age,” while putting the Spanish further along some imaginary and arbitrary tech tree, we must keep in mind that the macuahuitl and tepoztopilli were not “crude” weapons, but the result of centuries of refinement and practical tests in Mesoamerican warfare. The Spanish rightly feared and respected those weapons. So to were the tactics of the Aztecs refined for the opponents they faced. Prior to the Spanish, the Aztecs had enjoyed a century of almost ubiquitous military victories, and though we can absolutely see how their tactics were thrown for stumble by the addition of never before seen weaponry like artillery and cavalry, particularly at early encounters like Otumba, this was an intelligent and adaptive war machine. By the time the Spanish licked their wounds from La Noche Triste and returned in force with the Tlaxcalans, the Aztecs had autochthonously invented cavalry counter-measures with pike-like spears and ensuring the chosen field of battle with marshy or strewn with stones. They had adopted tactics to blunt the guns and artillery of the Spanish with breastworks and zig-zag maneuvers.
Bottom line, both the Spanish and the Aztecs respected each other as deadly opponents.
Fuck the Spanish! Cocroaches! One day this all will have a turn! Must read; Bartolomeo de las Casas. It’s free on the net to download and it’s the true events of the spanish how they acted and abused the inocente! This book was hide for 400 years before the English could get his hand on a copy and revealed the truth!
de las Casas is not 100% reliable. He wrote his account of the Conquest of Mexico decades after the event as a way to get money. As a result, he sometimes embellished events to make them more entertaining. If you read de las Casas, you should also read Cortes’ letters to the King of Spain for comparison. Sahagun’s account of the Conquest in the Florentine Codex would also provide another comparison, though his account was also written decades after the event.
File this under: Things they don’t teach you in school. Wow.
my alive. this is where a lot of the “forgive your oppressors,” “turn the other cheek” and “don’t fight hate with hate” platitudes came from that’s permanently etched in black people’s minds. mind you that the bible clearly states that forgive comes AFTER repentance by those who hurt you however i’m sure those parts were removed too. that’s why you have black people so willing to forgive white people for their racism instead of demanding change. ugh. this is what ppl are often talking about when they talk about “slave mentality.”
there’s a great book on this subject called “the slave bible: select parts of the holy bible, selected for the use of the negro slaves”
My condemnation is based on my own work in child development and parenting as well as the latest research on the impact of early exposure of sexuality to girls’ development. And the impact of this early sexualization of girls is real and it ain’t good.
As I write about in my third parenting book, Your Children are Listening: Nine Messages They Need to Hear From You, children are sponges for the early messages they get. Further, thanks to television, movies, and the Internet, popular culture sends its unhealthy messages loudly and persistently, drowning out other healthier messages (e.g., from parents) that might be trying to get through. When children are exposed to these messages enough, they can’t help but internalize them and make them their own. And, sadly, these unhealthy messages shape the values, attitudes, and beliefs they come to hold about themselves and the world. It’s not hard to see, then, how early exposure to sexuality can set girls on an unhealthy life path.
A recent study found that girls as young as six years old wanted to be like dolls who were dressed in a sexy way compared to dolls who were dressed stylishly, but covered up. These young girls associated being sexy with being the way they wanted to look, being popular in school, and who they wanted to play with. Another finding of the study was the girls who spent a lot of time with media and who had mothers who were overly invested in their own appearance were more likely to identify with the sexily clad dolls.
One study found that about one-third of the clothes for girls sold had “sexualizing characteristics.” Interestingly, most of these clothes also had age-appropriate elements, perhaps obscuring the sexual side of the designs.
So, what impact does all of this have on young girls? It definitely not good. An American Psychological Association task force report found that girls who are exposed to sexual messages in popular culture are more likely to have low self-esteem and depression, and suffer from eating disorders. I see girls in my daughters’ school wiggling their behind, strutting their stuff, posing with hands on hips and one hip out, and giving off that “sassy” (code word for “sexy girl”) attitude.
The bad news is that mothers can actually cause their young daughters to buy into this early equalization, potentially causing them to develop attitudes about their sexuality that can have serious long-term consequences on how they view themselves and their future sexual behavior.
But, thankfully, mothers’ influence on their daughters is two sides of the same coin. The good news is that mothers also have the ability to mitigate this unhealthy messages about sexuality by limiting exposure to age-inappropriate sexuality, using early exposure to sexual messages as teachable moments, instilling healthy values and attitudes about sexuality, and, probably most importantly, not sexually objectifying themselves.
Hey, don’t forget us fathers either in whether or not young girls see themselves as sexual beings. If you don’t think dads have an impact, you’re being naïve. Think about it. If you read men’s magazines, ogle cheerleaders while watching football on TV, or get upset when your wife isn’t all “dolled up,” what messages are you sending to your daughters?
I can’t really blame companies that sexualize young girls to fatten their bottom line. In the amoral free-market system, that is their reason for being. I do, however, blame the parents who buy this clearly inappropriate stuff, thus creating a market for these and other products that have no redeeming value and do plenty of harm. The calculus is simple: no demand, no market, no sexualization of girls. I do wonder about some of the executives of these companies who have young daughters of their own.
more research:
Dress, body and self: research in the social psychology of dress (PDF)
New Consumers? Children, fashion and consumption (PDF)
“Putting on” Sexiness: A Content Analysis of the Presence of Sexualizing Characteristics in Girls’ Clothing (PDF)
y’all think it’s a game and it’s all fun but y’all buying into shit that’s fucking up little girls man. fucking wake up!
Y'all keep thinking these outfits are cute and anyone who tells you there’s something not right there you paint as either sexualizing little girls or worse. So now here are experts telling you that these clothes that you put on this little girls have SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS! SCIENCE! No excuses now.
Wake up!!!
In a University of Georgia study, light-skinned black men had the edge in hiring over dark-skinned black men, regardless of credentials.
“We found that a light-skinned black male can have only a bachelor’s degree and typical work experience and still be preferred over a dark-skinned black male with an MBA and past managerial positions,” says Matthew S. Harrison, a University of Georgia doctoral student in applied industrial organizational psychology, who presented his research in August to the Academy of Management in Atlanta.
“This finding is possibly due to the common belief that fair-skinned blacks probably have more similarities with whites than do dark-skinned blacks, which in turn makes whites feel more comfortable around them.”
With women job applicants, the findings varied a bit.
“If the credentials were different, in the case of women, the more qualified or experienced darker-skinned woman got it, but if the qualifications were identical, the lighter-skinned woman was preferred,” Mr. Harrison said.
“The darker a dark-skinned male is, the more violent and menacing he is perceived to be,” he said, recalling how Time magazine darkened the O.J. Simpson mug shot on its June 27, 1994 cover, making him look more sinister.
“Our society has historically painted us a picture of lighter skin equating to attractiveness, intelligence, competence, likeability, etc.,” Mr. Harrison says. “Racism is not necessarily a practice that allots preference and privilege based solely on one’s race, but that one’s skin color also plays a substantial role in the treatment they will receive.”
Shawn Alfonso-Wells, a visiting assistant professor of anthropology in Carnegie Mellon University’s history department, has studied racial classification in Cuba and the United States.
“Here we are in the 21st century and once again those relationships that were forged under enslavement are coming to light again, all that between the domestic [house slave] and the field [slave],” Dr. Alfonso-Wells says. “If you had lighter skin, your conditions weren’t as harsh. Those who were lighter skinned had more opportunities to escape their conditions than those who had darker skin, and you can still see that today.”
In Latin America, in particular, lighter-skinned people tend to get the better jobs because they are considered to look “more presentable,” Dr. Alfonso-Wells says.
“More presentable translated to – they looked more white,” she says.
In her study, “ ‘Shades of Beauty’: Examining the Relationship of Skin Color to Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness,” University of Missouri-Columbia researcher Cynthia Frisby found that people perceive a light brown skin tone, on blacks as well as whites, to be more physically attractive than a pale or dark skin tone.
As part of the study, photographs of four female models were adjusted using computer software. Keeping other features the same, each model was pictured in three different skin tones, light, medium and dark.
Dr. Frisby asked 79 female college students – 45 white women and 34 black women ages 18 to 28 – to evaluate the photographs, which they thought were for an upcoming ad campaign. And 78 of the 79 women chose the light brown skin tone as more attractive.
Dinesh D’Souza is a racist scumbag who constantly gets fucked by people who actually know the facts. Latest example...
link to tweets
This
I think I learned something today
I learned in a Latin Studies class (with a chill white dude professor) that when the Europeans first saw Aztec cities they were stunned by the grid. The Aztecs had city planning and that there was no rational lay out to European cities at the time. No organization.
When the Spanish first arrived in Tenochtitlan (now downtown mexico city) they thought they were dreaming. They had arrived from incredibly unsanitary medieval Europe to a city five times the size of that century’s london with a working sewage system, artificial “floating gardens” (chinampas), a grid system, and aqueducts providing fresh water. Which wasn’t even for drinking! Water from the aqueducts was used for washing and bathing- they preferred using nearby mountain springs for drinking. Hygiene was a huge part if their culture, most people bathed twice a day while the king bathed at least four times a day. Located on an island in the middle of a lake, they used advanced causeways to allow access to the mainland that could be cut off to let canoes through or to defend the city. The Spanish saw their buildings and towers and thought they were rising out of the water. The city was one of the most advanced societies at the time.
Anyone who thinks that Native Americans were the savages instead of the filthy, disease ridden colonizers who appeared on their land is a damn fool.
They’ve also recently discovered a lost Native American city in Kansas called Etzanoa It rivals the size of Cahokia, which was very large as well.
here are some reconstructions of Tenochtitlan
just a note, we don’t think of old european cities as ruins, because those civilizations continued and kept building over the old–there are no abandoned ruins for us to visit & photograph. when we picture those old cities, we have only mental images drawn from our own assumptions & prejudices–images that tend to glorify ‘civilized’ europe.
since victors write history, our image of native american cities was created by colonizers motivated to uphold the ‘native savage’ myth. when we think of these civilizations now, we think of ‘uncivilized’ (rough, broken, abandoned) ruins, because that’s what remains. ruins are the only thing left. because of the destruction wrought by western invaders, these civilizations never had a chance to continue building. they were destroyed, and all we have left is an unimaginative shadow of their former glory.
I didn’t know cheetahs meow I’ve always thought they roar my whole life has been a lie
Look in my eyes What do you see?
“Cult of Personality” by Living Colour
