That dude knows his shit.
He is using the word "pentatonics" and knows exactly what he's doing.
He may not be a professional pianist, but having to dedicate your life to be good at something is bullshit. That's for being among the top 2% of all performers, usually.
It's the same about guitar. Every octave consists of twelve tones we consider different from hearing them, and then repeats. If you're interested, "A minor pentatonics" is what you want to search for.
Why the human ear perceives the three keys that form the main parts of those as a harmony had something to do with sounds waves. That part is semi-complicated, but it's not important to being able to use it. Most of the more thorough overtone singing tutorials cover this, I'd recommend checking those out.
What matters is, we know that they scales for every major key are the same for another minor key, too. This is how he links C major and A minor. They're the exact same tones, only your start two keys further down for A minor. The chords for those two, on a piano keyboard, are spaced two keys apart, starting with the base key (C,E,G vs. A,C,E).
F is three white keys to the right of C, so you move the "two white keys" pattern three keys to the right, and you have F major (F,A,C), you move three to the left, and you get G major the same way (G,B,D).
If you also count the black keys between the keys you press, you get gaps of four, then three, keys distance between the tones of a major chord, and three, then four, between those of a minor chord. Go up another five, and you're back with your base keys.
Those are the fret distances you need to get the same thing done on a guitar.
Because basic harmonics really is that simple. You count to four, you count to three, you count to five, you're back where you started, and you have a harmonic chord.
The thing where he gives away that he knows exactly what he's doing is that you hear how his right hand shifts its location in tune with the left, while he says you can play any key you like.
You can, and he knows. But he also knows that you should stick to the notes you're holding with your left hand as the phrase you're playing starts and ends. He doesn't say so, but he does that. And the whole reason I'm rambling about this is that I find it unfair he doesn't say so. It's discouraging if you try this in high hopes, and you start off on a B, it sounds horrible, and you feel betrayed.
Harmonics is basic calculus of sound. It's far from rocket science. And I'm thankful for tutorials like his because they drive that home.
Hint for people interested in playing the guitar: if you transpose C, F, G, and Am by seven, you get the four chords G, C, D, and Em, some of the easiest chords on the guitar, and they make up a ton of pop songs.
If you know how to do those four, and experiment with strumming a bit (basically, strum the guitar like you'd play a knee bongo), you can play virtually anything, and it sounds good and vivid. (If it's way out of tune for you to sing, don't hurt yourself, get a capodaster. They're 5-10 bucks, save your vocal cords, and reduce snare from poor string bridges. The clamp ones are also ridiculously easy to use. Pros use them all the time, you should, too.)
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