Vomiting and Regurgitation
It is very difficult at times to differentiate regurgitation and vomiting. Both involve bringing up food and expelling it from the beak.
Regurgitation to a mate, person or toy is a normal part of breeding behavior. A bird that is regurgitating or vomiting will make a head-bobbing and neck-stretching type of movement. Food will be brought up and deposited on the bird’s toys or mate. Such controlled regurgitation usually does not result in staining of the feathers or the beak.
Bacterial, viral and fungal gastrointestinal causes, obstructions, toxins and liver or kidney problems may also cause regurgitation or vomiting.
Vomiting, on the other hand, is usually a rapid flick of the head, which is often not noticed by pet bird owners. Tell-tale signs of vomiting in birds is the flicking of small pieces of ingesta around the cage and on top of the birds head. Food may become caked on the bird’s head giving it a spiky, matted appearance. Vomiting often occurs along with regurgitation and is a serious clinical sign.
If you suspect that this behavior is the result of illness, a veterinarian should examine your bird.
Causes (mainly causes of vomiting)
Bacterial: Mycobacterium, megabacteria,Pasteurella, Salmonella, and many other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria
Fungal: Candida, Aspergillus, Mucor
Viral: Pacheco’s Disease, polyomavirus, pox virus, papillomatosis, Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease, adenovirus, herpes virus, paramyxovirus
Parasitic: Capillaria, Plasmodium, tapeworms, Trichomonas, Giardia, roundworms, coccidia
Other: Proventricular Dilation Syndrome, Macaw Wasting Disease, Neurotropic Gastric Dilitation
Comment: Infections with gram-negative bacteria are one of the most common causes and often secondary to stress, another illness, or fecal contamination of food or water, and are one of the major causes in smaller birds; abscesses may form in some cases; Candida is also often secondary to another illness or stress; Trichomonas is a common cause, especially in budgies; pox virus and tapeworms are more common in imported birds
Comment: Heart disease is more common in toucans and mynahs; liver disease, especially hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) andhepatitis, is a common cause in many bird species; trauma includes flying into a window or the bite of another animal which may cause internal bleeding or infection
Hypovitaminosis E or selenium deficiency
Formula at wrong temperature or consistency
Comment: Young birds are especially sensitive to the temperature and consistency of the food, and the amount given at one time; abnormal vitamin levels occur over a long period of time
Heavy metals: arsenic, copper, lead, zinc
Plants: See Poisonous Plants for Birds
Foods: chocolate, nicotine, salt, moldy or spoiled foods, avocado, alcohol, cigarettes
Pesticides/insecticides: carbamates, lindane, organophosphate, rotenone, arsenic
Household products: cholecalciferal, rubbing alcohol, chlorine, teflon, detergents, pine oil, aluminum chloride (deodorants), potassium chloride (matches), nitrate, phosphorous, thallium
Comment: Zinc and lead toxicity are common causes; heated teflon such as on frying pans and ironing board covers is very toxic.
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE, BLOCKAGE, OR COMPRESSION
Aerophagia (swallowing air)
Crop conditions: impaction, stasis, crop burn
Gastrointestinal conditions: foreign body, intussusception, volvulus, stenosis, hernia, ileus; grit impaction; ulcers
Neoplastic: papilloma, leiomyoma, adenoma, fibroma
Comment: Conditions which take up space in the chest or abdomen can put pressure on the digestive system; crop conditions are more common in young and hand fed baby birds; papillomas in the mouth are also common
Antibiotics: doxycycline, polymixin B, trimethoprim/sufadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, enrofloxacin
Antiparasitics: fenbendazole, praziquantel, levamisole
Anti-fungal medications: fluconazole, itraconazole, or ketoconazole
Only give these medications to a bird under direct supervision of a veterinarian, and closely follow the directions; contact your veterinarian if your bird is taking any medication and shows new signs of illness
Comment: Courting behavior to other birds, mirrors, toys, or even owners is a common cause
How is the actual cause determined for a specific bird?
It can be very difficult to differentiate between regurgitation and vomiting, and even hardier to determine an exact cause. The veterinarian will need a complete history, including:
When the condition started
Other signs of illness noticed by the owners
Whether the condition is related to a certain event, e.g.; after eating, while playing with toys, etc.
Access to potential causes such as foods, household items, toxins, and exposure to other birds
Presence of the condition in other birds
Medications or supplements being given to the bird
Display of any courtship or nesting behavior
Other diseases the bird may have or has been treated for either currently or in the past
Comment: The diagnosis requires careful observation of the bird and a complete physical examination. If at all possible, bring the bird’s cage along with you to the veterinarian’s office, because it can often offer significant clues. Laboratory tests including a complete blood count, chemistry panel, and a fecal exam to look for parasites are often needed. Radiographs may help determine a diagnosis. An endoscope may be used to view the upper digestive tract and collect samples. The bird’s mouth or anal area may be swabbed and a culture and sensitivity performed to determine if a bacterial or fungal infection could be the cause. Specimens from the crop will also be viewed microscopically and cultured. Blood may be tested for the presence of viruses or antibodies to them.
How is vomiting or regurgitation treated?
The treatment of vomiting will vary considerably depending upon the cause. Supportive care in the form of stable temperatures, fluid therapy for dehydration, nutritional management (sometimes withholding food may be necessary) are very important. Depending upon the severity of the illness, the bird may need to be hospitalized. Other therapies may include:
Giving medications to treat infections
Providing appropriate therapies for diseases of other organs
Removing the toxic agent from the environment and/or the bird
Performing surgery or endoscopy to remove foreign objects or tumors and to correct other intestinal blockages
If a bird is regurgitating often and the cause is determined to be behavioral, it may be helpful to remove the toys or mirror that are the focus of his regurgitation.
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