I want to talk about a classic ethical dilemma/philosophy problem, but I want to hopefully put a new spin on it, to show a skill that is essential in debate. Also, this post deals with runaway trolleys and people in distress, so just a heads up if that kind of thing really isn’t your jam.
So the Trolley Problem typically comes in two parts. The first part assumes that a trolley is speeding out of control towards 5 people who are on the tracks, and will probably not get out of the way in time. BUT there is a switch,which would divert the trolley to a parallel track. The problem is that there is one person on this track, and they also probably won’t be able to get out of the way of the trolley. The question is then posed: do you throw the switch?
The second part is a little more gruesome. Same trolley, same 5 people in peril, but instead of being by a switch, you are on a gangplank over the track. next to you is Gorto, The Enormous Man (tm). Gorto is so large, that were he to be in front of the trolley, his size would stop the trolley, sparing the 5 on the tracks, but Gorto would almost certainly die in the process. The question asks whether you would push Gorto in front of the trolley.
I want to take a different approach. I want to figure out the limits of your obligation to make a moral choice.
Suppose you aren’t there at all. Nobody is. “5 killed in trolley accident” the newspaper headline reads. You feel sad. This isn’t a situation where you were faced with a moral choice to make, right?
Suppose you’re walking through the railyard, right past the switch. You are unaware of the switch, or of the speeding trolley; you have your headphones in and are lost in thought. We’ll even say that you stop right next to the switch, but are unaware of it,or what it does. Do you have a moral obligation to act, here?
Suppose a situation like the one above, but you notice there is a switch, but do not notice the trolley or the people. You can play around with the facts here, but give yourself incomplete information. Is there a situation where you can have incomplete information, and have a moral obligation to act?
Suppose something entirely different: Suppose you’re totally aware of how trolley systems work; you read Trolley Control Monthly magazine all the time. You even live in an apartment overlooking the local trolley line, on the 25th floor. In this situation, you see the calamity about to unfold, and you can see with exact precision the lever you would have to pull. But you are 25 floors away, and cannot get to the trolley in time. Do you have a moral obligation to do something here?
Suppose an additional entirely different scenario,that raises entirely different questions: Suppose you write the handbook for trolley line employees. You represent the company, so your choice to act matters here. At a rules discussion meeting, someone asks if a switch operator should be required to switch a runaway trolley from a line with 5 people on it, to a line with one person on it. Another person asks whether it is a good idea for the company to mandate a rule requiring an employee to (in essence) kill another employee. What do you say?
Suppose an even broader situation. Now, instead of being a trolley employee, you are a lawmaker. Someone raises a bill which would require somebody faced with a choice to kill one person in order to save the lives of many people, to kill that one person. Do you vote for this bill? A modified version of the bill exists, which would not mandate killing a person, but which would allow “defense of many” as a defense reducing the severity of the charge from murder to manslaughter, for example. Would you vote for that? Does it matter if the majority of your constituents would follow a rule like that, even if it were not a rule?
In the first batch of hypotheticals, we’re trying to test the limits of what causes someone to have a moral obligation. Can I have an obligation to do something I don’t know I “need” to do? Can I have an obligation to do something I cannot do? What are other factors that become relevant, and when do they become relevant? What does this tell us about the nature of moral obligation?
The second batch tries to deal with what happens when moral choices exist in other spheres. What happens when individualized choices gain official enforcement mechanisms? You can plug in different hypotheticals here, but what happens when there is an opportunity for a government or other official entity to make the “right” choice for you? Is it the same as when you make the choice for yourself?
These matter in debate. If you can define a limit for when a moral obligation exists, then you have a very easy test for the judge to follow. (eg, a moral obligation exists when someone is aware of and can act to save lives, means you only have to prove “awareness” and “ability” to show the moral obligation exists)