Around 1770 BC, Babylonian scholars in ancient Mesopotamia inscribed a clay tablet (IM 67118), showcasing the Pythagorean theorem (aÂČ + bÂČ = cÂČ) to calculate a rectangleâs diagonal, over 1,000 years before Greek mathematician Pythagoras. Discovered in modern-day Iraq, this tablet employs a base-60 numerical system, reflected today in our 60-minute hours, 60-second minutes, and 360° circles. The meticulous cuneiform inscriptions reveal step-by-step calculations, demonstrating sophisticated mathematical understanding. Even earlier, the Plimpton 322 tablet (c. 1800 BCE) records Pythagorean triples (e.g., 3-4-5), sets of three integers satisfying the theorem, written in elegant cuneiform. Likely used as a teaching tool for advanced students, it suggests a structured educational system for mathematical training. These artifacts, blending geometry and algebra, underscore Mesopotamiaâs pioneering role in STEM, influencing modern mathematics and timekeeping systems millennia later.