She played none of the roles assigned to her by traditions and her surroundings: not the role of loving and devoted wife, not the role of mother, not the role of principal figurehead in a gigantic empire. She insisted on her rights as an individual —and she prevailed. That her self-realization did not make her happy is the tragedy of her life— aside from the tragedies that befell her most immediate family, set in motion by her refusal to be co-opted. Elisabeth, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (to list only her most important titles), was at heart a republican, calling the venerable monarchy the ¨skeleton of former splendor¨ and an oak tree that was bound to fall, since it had ¨outlived its usefulness¨. She excoriated the excesses of the aristocratic system, and she flouted kings and princes, as she had learned to do from her revered model and ¨master¨, Heinrich Heine. - Brigitte Hamman.
On this day, 183 years ago, the empress Elisabeth of Austria was born in Munich, Bavaria.


















