In previous videos, I’ve outlined how mutual funds and Exchange Traded Funds (or ETF’s) work. You might have noticed that index mutual funds and many ETF’s are very similar. So how do you choose which type of security is best for you? As with most things in personal finance, it will come down to your personal situation and preferences. In today’s episode, I’ll outline the differences between the two and in which cases you might want to use each. I’m Susan Daley and this is Your Money, Your Choices. From my videos on mutual funds, you might recall that most mutual funds are managed on an active basis. This means that there is a portfolio manager deciding which individual stock or bond should be purchased with the intent of outperforming the market. My colleague, Ben Felix, outlines why it’s so hard to beat the market in his video here. So let’s take active mutual funds out of the picture and only compare index mutual funds with ETF’s. In this video, I’m only discussing the differences in the structure of each type of fund, not their underlying investments. We can assume that the ETF and Mutual Fund are tracking the exact same index and are therefore investing in the exact same thing. One of the major benefits of mutual funds, especially for beginner investors, is the ability to set up automatic contributions. Research from Morningstar (which I’ve linked in the description below) shows that investors with automatic contributions tend to perform better. This makes sense for a couple of reasons. Firstly, you invest as soon as you have money available so your cash is invested longer compared to waiting for a lump sum. Second: with automatic contributions to your investments, you eliminate the primary cause of poor performance - bad timing. You can’t set up an automatic bi-weekly or monthly contribution into an ETF. Typically, there are no fees associated with your regular contribution into a mutual fund. However, if you’re buying an ETF on the market, you may have to pay your broker a transaction fee each time (typically around $10). If you want to make bi-weekly contributions, that’s $260 out of your pocket right there and time out of your day to make those trades! With any security you’re buying on an exchange, like the Toronto Stock Exchange, you also run into the implicit cost of the bid-ask spread. I explain what this is in my video “Implicit Fees when investing”. While this cost might be small, a few cents per share, it does add up over time when you purchase ETFs. Another benefit of mutual funds is the ability to purchase fractional units. Let’s say you’re contributing $350 bi-weekly into your investment account. With a mutual fund, if the current price is $12.36, you’ll buy 28.317 shares. Whereas with an ETF, you would buy 28 shares and have $3.92 cash leftover. With ETF’s, the management expense ratio only includes the fees to manage the investment fund whereas mutual funds may include embedded commissions, as I outlined in What Fees You Pay When Investing In Mutual Funds. The next differences between mutual funds and ETF’s comes down to how they are traded. Mutual funds are traded at the end of each day at their Net Asset Value (or NAV). Net Asset Value essentially takes the prices and proportions of each individual stock or bond within the fund and adds it up at the end of the day. This means that if you put in your trade at noon, it won’t be filled until the end of the day. The price you pay to purchase those mutual fund units isn’t what the price of the various securities were at noon, it’s what the securities’ closing prices are. Prices can be quite different at the end of the day compared to the beginning. However, if you’re investing for the long term, which I’d recommend if investing in equities, then this won’t make a huge difference in overall returns. Conversely, ETF’s are traded all throughout the day, so if you purchase the ETF at noon, and markets significantly rise or fall throughout the rest of the day, your noon price is locked in. ETF’s and Mutual Funds are also different when it comes to taxes and tax reporting. Mutual funds are structured in a way that requires the fund company to keep records for you. They have higher MER’s than ETF’s as a result but this record keeping may also save you time and frustration come tax-time if your investments are in non-registered taxable accounts. For the RRSP and TFSA investor, it won’t make much of a difference. That being said, ETF’s are inherently more tax efficient. So while their tax reporting may be more complex, the amount you have to pay as a result is likely lower. This is because mutual funds actually purchase and hold the individual securities. If a lot of people want to sell at the same time, the mutual fund will likely have to sell a bunch of securities to generate cash for the individuals selling, and potentially incur capital gains taxes. With ETF’s you mostly buy and sell from other exchange participants and the ETF provider doesn’t have to sell the underlying securities. Finally, there are some differences between mutual funds and ETF’s when it comes to transparency. ETF’s are generally more transparent as the individual security holdings are listed on the providers’ website, and updated daily. Mutual fund holdings only have to be listed quarterly. Those holdings could change significantly over the course of 3 months. If it’s an index mutual fund, there likely won’t be much difference between the holdings when compared to an ETF though. Do you feel there is a noticeable difference in your Index Mutual Funds or ETFs? I’d love to hear about it in the comments below. Make sure to subscribe to my channel for more videos, and don’t miss my previous episodes on ETFs and Mutual Funds, which I’ve linked in the description below. I’m Susan Daley, and this has been Your Money, Your Choices?