BA3CAP - Process and Enquiry (Alisha Johnstone)

PROJECT STATEMENT: For the Process and Enquiry module, I've chosen to explore and illustrate the progress of architecture over time, in response to the "Evolution and Unpredictability" brief. My concept focuses on the characteristics and design of architecture, and how it has evolved over the years through various artistic approaches. I specifically concentrated on the Egyptian, Classical, Baroque, and Gothic architectural periods to successfully illustrate the transition from traditional architecture to more recent architecture, and how it impacts daily life subconsciously, ranging from religious beliefs to poverty in both ancient and modern times.

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Final Assessment Folio

2D, 3D & Time-Based Finals

& development work

If QR code doesn't work, use link to Tumblr Post:

Post by @evolution-and-unpredictability · 1 video

💬 0  🔁 0  ❤️ 0 · Time-Based Final · Video & Audio Evaluation: I’m happy with the results of my time based final, as it showcases my concep

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P&E Evaluation

My concept for the module Process and Enquiry is the evolution of architecture. Throughout this module, I participated in a variety of workshops, with a focus on the 2D to 3D, materiality, and vessels workshops. Moreover, I planned, experimented and reflected on each body of work to progress.

I began my project by researching artists and the timeline of architecture and art related to each period. After researching, I created collages from my favourite architectural periods, Gothic, Egyptian, Classical and Baroque, using pictures from online. To further develop my collages, I worked on top loosely and spontaneously, adding to the sense of abstraction within my artwork and depicting an unpredictable nature in response to the brief. I continued working in this manner throughout the module.

Using my collages as a reference, I created lino and screen prints, using different colours and transferring the images onto various surfaces. I layered prints and depictions on top of each other to illustrate architecture in multiple forms and manners.

After evaluating the best ink colours and the results of each print transfer on various surfaces, such as tracing paper, cardboard, and cartridge paper, I used the most captivating work to create collages and scale them up. I photocopied each upscalled print onto acetate and tracing paper, in both colour and black and white, to develop it from the 2D into 3D workshop, and work in relation to the materiality workshop. I used the photocopies to make a large blanket to wear, project onto, and use as a performative piece. Furthermore, I used the photocopies to expand on the vessels workshop and create 3D forms.

The collaged screen and lino prints, as well as the blanket containing photocopies of my prints/collages, are my 2D finals. I used videos taken of the architectural projections, modern architecture within Glasgow and performance, utilising the blanket for my time-based work. Lastly, I used upscaled versions of the 3D forms, in relation to the vessels workshop, to create my final 3D piece. Overall, I successfully depicted the evolution of architecture unpredictably and abstractly, in accordance with the brief.

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3D Final

Evaluation:

My 3D final is made with photocopies of my 2D final, using acetate and cartridge paper. The final development directly relates to my concept, as it’s made from photocopies of prints depicting different periods of architecture, and the vessels workshop. Creating vessels is a long process, so I kept my 3D final small. I used a glue gun to ensure the materials would hold. Overall, I’m pleased with how this turned out.

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3D Development

Developing Vessels Workshop

Overview: Creating vessels using photocopied prints of my Lino and screen prints, and experimenting with different materials (paper, acetate, tracing paper) to determine what I will use for my 3D final work.

Cartridge paper (& process)

Tracing paper (& process)

Acetate

Reflection:

Both the cartridge paper and the tracing paper worked out well, and I’ve learned a few techniques in preparation for my 3D final piece. I used masking tape to hold together the cartridge paper structure, but it didn’t hold well. When creating a vessel out of tracing paper, I used a glue gun to stick it together, and it holds nicely. However, I stuck every strip of paper along the entire edge, but doing so restricts movement when manipulating the material to protrude. The acetate doesn’t work well as a vessel, as the material is too tight, deeming it too stiff to curve. Although, acetate can work in other ways to create 3D structures as shown.

Next steps: I will create vessels using tracing paper and cartridge paper in preparation for a final work. If I’m happy with the results, I’ll create large versions of the vessels for my final piece.

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Time-Based Final

Video & Audio

Evaluation:

I’m happy with the results of my time based final, as it showcases my concept well. My work includes videos taken from projection work and performance pieces depicting old architecture, specifically from the baroque period. As the video progresses, it illustrates videos taken of modern architecture from around Glasgow, depicting the evolution from old architectural designs to modern.

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Time-Based work Development

Overview:

For the time-based work development, I’m using the skills learned from the audio workshop. I used Premier Pro and edited videos and audio relating to my concept. I’m experimenting with different techniques to help decide on a final product for my time based work.

Video:

Audio:

https://cityofglasgowcollegeac-my.sharepoint.com/:v:/g/personal/30429606_cityofglacol_ac_uk/IQCHMnwbcqnlQI1pqzUlKskFAcQvULI72AgL2UOi1JTGJgM?email=louise.ritchie%40cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk&e=5kb1hy

Reflection:

The videos I have used depict my theme well, as it emphasises architectural designs through projection. I will use these within my final time based work. Although, the videos took for the audio don’t work well as I used premier pro on my phone. I will use the audio from the video practice instead as it includes an automated voice coming from nearby elevators.

Next steps: I will attempt to make my time based work with the same videos and audio, this time using premier pro on the college laptop, where premier pro is accessible. My goal is to create a video piece with distorted audio that is 30 seconds long.

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2D Development

2D into 3D experimentation

Photocopies of prints stuck together

Overview: After photocopying my prints onto acetate and tracing paper to stick together, I used it to create a 3D form. I considered the material in the same way as the materiality workshop, using my “blanket” in a that you wouldn’t normally.

Wearing the piece & projecting on top

Reflection:

Developing from the workshops has forced me to go outwith my comfort zone, which is crucial to learn and build skills. Although my “blanket” will be used within my 2D final piece, I gained insights on how to take my work further in a way I wouldn’t normally before.

Next steps:

I will use the videos and pictures I took to create development work for the audio/video workshop and create a time based piece. Furthermore, I will hang up my “blanket” in front of my 2D piece to help connect my final piece to the workshops, specifically the 2D into 3D and materiality workshops.

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2D Development & Final

Overview: I used some of the draft Lino prints to work on top of and layer on a A2 scale. I created new prints as well, working in a loose and spontaneous manner to depict an abstract and unpredictable manner and environment. Each print is from a different period, illustrating the evolution of architecture. I combined all the A2 pieces to make one large final piece. I will use this 2D piece for the 3D final outcome, relating to the 2D into 3D workshop.

Classical Architectural Print

Gothic Architectural Print

Egyptian Architectural Print

Baroque Architectural Print

2D into 3D Final

Reflection:

I enjoyed this abstract way of working. Creating the Lino prints were a long process, but like the way they turned out. I preferred screen printing, as you get more detailed and finalised results, meaning it’s easier to work with. Furthermore, this was a good way to experiment ways of working in which I haven’t before.

In the future, I will explore ways of screen printing, like printing onto fabric and cardboard. Moreover, I would like to work on different scales, like A1 or A5.

Next Steps: To take my finals further, I will implement elements from the paper vessels workshop. I will photocopy my 2D final piece work onto tracing paper and acetate, and stick them together to create a large sheet. This relates to the 2D into 3D workshop, and I will use the sheet to create performance art for my time based artwork, using the projector.

Furthermore, I will use photocopies of my 2D prints to create paper vessels. I will experiment with size and project on top.

Paper Vessels Workshop

Reflection:

The paper vessels workshop was a long process, but I enjoyed it as it felt therapeutic. In the future, I will use a glue gun when stick the paper together as the masking tape is visible, deeming it more aesthetically pleasing. I will use this way of working within my final 2D result.

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2D, Developing Further

Screen Print Experimentation

Immediate Transfers

Experimenting & working on top of prints

Projecting on top

Reflection

I love the results of the screen prints, due to the emphasis of the details, contrast between highlights and shadows of the building. The monochromatic colours illustrates the beauty of the architectural designs. To take ideas further, I collated and layered the prints, loosely working on top to depict an unpredictable and abstract nature. Furthermore, I projected on top using an acetate screen prints and took pictures to use within my time based artwork.

Next steps:

I will use the final collated results of the screen prints to use within my 2D final, illustrating the Baroque architectural period. I will add finishing touches, using a glue gun to stick all parts of the collage together to get my work up to a high standard. I will use bluetac to stick to my studio wall.

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2D Development

Lino print experimentation

Draft Prints, practicing working on top

Baroque print, working on top

Gothic print, working on top

Classical print, working on top using tracing paper depiction

Colour & transfer experimentation

Classical Architectural Prints

Reflection:

After carving my Lino blocks, I created draft prints to practice working on top. After that, I mixed different colours relating to the specific period of architecture, I.e, creating beige to depict the Egyptian period. I transferred various colours on different surfaces, such as acetate, tracing paper and cardboard.

This process helped me decide what colours and types of paper to use within my 2D final. I will use the best draft prints to work on top of and layer with. If the draft prints are up to high standard, I may use the manipulated versions to use within my final.

Next Steps:

I will use a monochromatic colour palette for the screen prints to illustrate the dramatic characteristics of the Baroque period. Furthermore, I’ll use bright and vibrant oranges and browns to depict the classical period and use a combination of monochromatic and neutral colours for the Egyptian style.

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Planning Development into Finals

Planning (2D)

2D Into 3D

I will start with the 2D work first to help develop and create my 3D and time based work. I will combine all the collages I’ve made so far to create one final work. To do so, I’ll trace my collages onto tracing paper to use as a guide to Lino print. I will create multiple screen prints and lino prints using the depictions on the tracing paper. I will experiment with different inks and paint colours, using monochromatic and neutral colours (blacks, greys, whites, browns, beiges, etc). I’ll create Lino prints first and reflect on the best colours and paper types/colours of paper to work on to effectively plan for screen printing.

Lino Print Process

I’ll create draft Lino prints and carve the Lino blocks, if necessary, after studying what parts need touching up. After all my screen/lino prints have dried, I’ll collage with them to create a final piece. I will work on top of the prints using materials like charcoal, chalk, pen and ink. I’ll photocopy the prints onto acetate and tracing paper, or directly print onto them to layer with, depicting repetition and pattern. The final result will showcase abstract depictions of architecture throughout history, illustrating the evolution of architecture in a spontaneous manner. The collages I will choose to reference from are the classical, gothic, Egyptian and baroque periods.

Draft Print

Planning (3D)

Materiality

I will use my final 2D work to create my 3D work, relating to the 2D into 3D workshop. I will photocopy my final piece onto paper, acetate and tracing paper. Like the 2D into 3D workshop, I will spontaneously stick the photocopied prints of my 2D piece together using masking tape and sellotape, not considering pattern or aesthetic of the prints, to create a large sheet. I will attempt to create forms and use the sheet in ways that are unrelated to how a sheet of paper may normally be used, I.e, to do draw on, focussing on utilising it in unorthodox ways. I may attempt to wear it, create a structure or hang it. Furthermore, I will use the gold foil sheet used in the materiality workshop to stick on my collated sheet and work with similarly to the materiality workshop. I will use the reflective light to play with.

Planning (Time based work)

Video & Audio

After creating my 2D and 3D pieces, I will project onto them using collages, pictures and objects relating to my concept, I.e, pictures of famous buildings. While projecting, I’ll document and take videos of my projections, asking peers to take part by responding to the projections and taking note of how the projections make them feel. Furthermore, I’ll take pictures and videos of them standing in front or within the projections to emphasise their feelings surrounding the depicted architectural scenes.

I will create a digital video using pictures of the projections and key phrases from peers thoughts. I may use capcut for this. Moreover, I’ll take photos/videos of architecture within my daily environment to use within the digital video.

Artist Research (2D)

Helen Bridges

Helen Bridges, a successful screen printer based in London, is influenced by everyday life and environments. Bridge's way of working is abstract, layering various colours and materials within her work, and she uses her collages and drawings within her prints. She has worked on commissions for hotels, public creative spaces and hospitals throughout her artistic career. For 10 years, Bridges worked within healthcare departments in various locations and still utilises her experience in her artwork, combining therapeutic techniques and personal expression. An example of an artwork that explores therapeutic concepts and personal experience is "St Paul's 2".

In Bridge's work, "St Paul's 2" illustrates areas and buildings from London that have an emotional connection to Bridges. The name of the artwork indicates a focus on St Paul's Cathedral, and the building is clearly visible near the top left-hand corner of the work. However, the piece includes modern and old buildings, both having emotional value to Bridges and historical value. The bright colours and layered work depict a surreal environment, as detail is clearly visible within the buildings in the background, whereas the unusual colours contrast with any sense of reality. Other works by Bridges that explore similar themes are "Big Ben", "Tube", "South London Architecture" and "National Theatre 5.27". The majority of Bridges' prints highlight architectural designs from London that hold memories of her childhood. The artist returns to places that hold emotional significance to create artworks that are therapeutic in nature.

In conclusion, Helen Bridges has a distinctive and beneficial approach to working and creates eye-catching prints. She is a successful screen printer and artist who takes commissions to this day. One of her most recent projects is the development of the Harborne Hospital project in Birmingham, scheduled for completion in February 2025, where she designed over 200 windows within the hospital.

References:

Helen v Bridges

Gallery — Helen v Bridges

Artworks

"St Paul's 2"

"South London Architecture" (series)

"Tube"

Sound Art / Audio Workshop

**videos used, as I couldn’t find saved file

https://cityofglasgowcollegeac-my.sharepoint.com/:v:/g/personal/30429606_cityofglacol_ac_uk/IQDWxhAADqgBQKmyo7C0W-fpATDxxvIdQLDsMUwt2M_XdCQ?email=louise.ritchie%40cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk&e=kDAG3t

https://cityofglasgowcollegeac-my.sharepoint.com/:v:/g/personal/30429606_cityofglacol_ac_uk/IQBzs-BdanxbSbXxOWvhoHJKAb0pj-q0qH01WTNC_UGFEHc?email=louise.ritchie%40cityofglasgowcollege.ac.uk&e=uBh8nd

Other videos used ^

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Experimenting Further (2D)

Architectural Projections

Relating to the projection workshop, and using the collages I created to project.

Using glasses over projection to create movement.

Reflection

I am pleased with how the projections turned out. The projections of architectural collages depicts an environment in which you can interact with and manipulate, I.e using the glasses to zoom into projection. Furthermore, placing a subject in front of the projection illustrates a sense of awareness within the environment created by the projection, as the person is observing and moving around it. This relates to architectural psychology as the subject is being affected by the environment, evoking emotions.

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Planning, Experimenting & Reflecting

Planning (2D)

To begin artwork within this module, I will create a timeline of architecture in the form of a mindmap, using string and prints to illustrate the evolution of architecture. After creating the timeline, I will use prints of famous buildings and architecture from online to make collages from my favourite periods. Furthermore, I will spontaneously collate and work on top of the collages to depict a loose and unpredictable nature.

To take the architectural timeline further, I will make paintings, drawings and depictions of architecture from each period in the style of art that was evolving at the time. For example, when creating prehistoric architecture artwork, I will take inspiration from prehistoric art, like cave paintings. Materials for the paintings/drawings will include acrylic paint, ink, colour conte crayons, masking tape, paper (as a form, relating to the workshop 2D into 3D workshop), charcoal, chalk, pens and pencils. For the collages, I will use pictures from online (specifically photography), from books (within the class) and acetate prints.

Experimenting

Architectural timeline

Architectural collages

Ancient Egypt Architectural collage

Classical architectural collage

Gothic architectural collage

Baroque architectural collage

Reflection

To begin experimenting and creating artwork in accordance to the brief, I chose my favourite architectural periods. The periods I chose were Ancient Egypt, Classical, Gothic and Baroque. I created collages using pictures of famous buildings from each period and related art and sculptures. I spontaneously collated images and worked on top using charcoal and pen.

Overall, I enjoy this way of working and plan on taking collaging further. To take this work further, I will relate to the projection workshop from the visual language module, printing the collages made onto acetate to project. I will experiment with composition and explore psychological aspects relating to architecture by evaluating the environment the projections of architectural collages create.

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Research Development Reflections

Architectural & Art Timelines:

I found both timelines intriguing and valuable, and knowing how art has grown and evolved over the years is crucial when studying contemporary art at a higher level. Interestingly, I learned that art and architecture are directly linked and influence each other. For example, art was incorporated within buildings and architectural designs, i.e. the Renaissance period, and still is. The evolution of architecture was unpredictable, due to religion and war, relating to the brief. I will depict the evolution of architecture within my work and how it has influenced people's daily lives, present and past. Furthermore, architecture can make humans unpredictable in nature due to psychological factors.

Architecture & Psychology:

Throughout my life, I've been interested in psychology and incorporated it into my practice at the start of HND when studying inhabited connections. Although I'm eager to explore political aspects within my work, I'd like to explore psychological factors further. Furthermore, I've always explored abandoned places and have been drawn to beautiful architecture. Whilst illustrating and exploring political aspects within the industry and enterprise module, I will explore psychological factors surrounding the evolution of architecture within this module. Research into architecture and psychology helped me decide this.

After planning my next steps, I will further research the psychology surrounding architecture while working on my concept and according to the brief.

Artist Research (3D)

Phlegm (real name unknown)

Phlegm is a muralist based in England, specifically Sheffield, and attained his name from one of the four temperaments in Ancient Greek medicine. Not only does he create murals, but he also makes realistic drawings, engravings, and installations. Unlike his drawings, Phlegm's murals are often large and depicted on buildings. Phlegm's murals are usually black and white, can be found worldwide and are surreal in style. Furthermore, Phlegm states that he likes to paint abandoned buildings as he enjoys "the solitude", and often paints without authorisation.

Within Phlegm's work, drawings and murals, there is a distinct style and inspiration from architecture. Firstly, his drawings usually depict architectural forms; an example of this is "Phlegm, Home (Pandemic Diary series, no.17)" (2020). Moreover, his larger scale works are always portrayed upon buildings, using the architectural surroundings and environments within his work or to benefit him. Usually, Phlegms work appear realistic, incorporating shadow, highlights and high precision to emphasise this. However, he’ll contradict the realism with unrealistic elements, such as pot riding limbs or forms, rendering his work surrealistic. Phlegm’s work is eye-catching and distinctive due to its surrealistic nature, rendering it effective.

References:

Phlegm (artist) - Wikipedia

Street Artist Phlegm - The Arty Teacher

Reflection:

I researched artist Phlegm, as his work directly relates to my concept of architecture. I’m intrigued by how his murals specifically, and therefore, similar work or graffiti influences society and people’s emotions, and ways of thinking. I may look into the psychology surrounding murals, graffiti and art on buildings in the future, and depict this within my practice for this module. Furthermore, Phlegms work has inspired me to upscale my work in a similar way, and I may incorporate this within my plans for next steps.

Materiality Workshop

Task: Study the blankets provided and create a space, or in a “little escape” using light, form and reflection.

Experimenting with form

Taking form further, using a chair

Examining detail in material & light

Video of movement

Experimenting with light (using a torch)

Creating a “little escape” using my environment

Reflection:

Overall, the materiality workshop was a learning experience, as the basis of the workshop was so use material as a form. It allowed me to manipulate the material in a way that it isn’t intended to be used for, emphasising innotive thinking, similar to the folded forms workshop. However, I don’t see myself using this way of working in the future as I find it restrictive. Although, I will utilise this method of thinking in the future, potentially using materials not in the “intended” way.

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Research Development

- Architecture Psychology

Architecture affects humans' daily lives in various ways, emotionally. The spaces we live within impact our moods, thoughts, and lifestyles. Architects often overlook the potential influences buildings and architecture have on people, possibly reducing the quality of life. However, scientists and psychologists like Ruth Dalton emphasise psychology's power within architecture, referring to architectural psychology or psychitecture. The brain regulates the body's systems, like the digestive, nervous, and immune systems, that allow us to survive, i.e, regulating oxygen levels to help breathing. Environmental factors, like our living spaces, emotionally affect people. People's emotional state can physically affect them, like heart rate, as the outlook on our environment is the brain's direct purpose.

Due to psychological studies, psychologists and architects have a better understanding of what architecture people are positively affected by. The psychological studies were undertaken through Android apps that ask people about their emotional state within urban environments, bracelets that track skin conductance (states psychological arousal), and headsets that follow brain activity regarding mental well-being and moods. Colin Ellard, who studies the impact of design at the University of Waterloo, Canada, found that building facades often affect people. Using bracelets that tracked people's emotions while walking in Manhattan, Ellard discovered that people are positively impacted if the building facade is intricate and engaging. However, if the facade is bland and simplistic, it negatively affects people. Complex architecture challenges the brain, emphasising engagement and liveliness. Furthermore, urban environments like cities require green spaces like parks, rivers or trees to improve people's mental state.

Overall well-being and mental health are essential, as studies have proven that a multitude of negative mental health issues within communities is more likely to increase crime rate, cultural segregation and inequality. Furthermore, architecture surrounds our daily lives, impacting people emotionally. Architectural psychology is crucial as it can improve the quality of life within cities, towns, villages and communities if used correctly.

References:

The hidden ways that architecture affects how you feel - BBC Future

Cusmano, D. (2021). Creating a Calm, Natural Healing Hub. https://core.ac.uk/download/596824741.pdf

The Power of Architectural Psychology | Truehome Design Build

- Art & Architecture: A Timeline

Prehistoric Art - ~40,000 to 4,000 B.C.

Found El Castillo, in Northern Spain

Historians can't definitively say that art or architecture came first; they most likely originated alongside each other, as architecture is a form of art, and humans would've built structures to survive within. Before written language was invented, humans had to find other means of communicating, and one of the ways of communicating was through art. During the early stages of mankind, humans used caves as shelter to sleep in. Archaeologists found the oldest documented art form in a cave in Indonesia, believed to be around 45,500 years old. Cave paintings often depicted wild animals, documentation of the world surrounding them and rituals. To create these works, people would use natural materials such as stone, charcoal and natural pigments from water and plants.

Ancient Art - 30,000 BC - 400 AD

Found in Ancient Egypt

Ancient art grew alongside communities growing faster, as architecture expanded within Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica. Different cultures began to be depicted within artwork around the world due to the rise of religion, written language, social traditions and storytelling. Before the invention of the camera, artists had to find other means of depicting real-life scenarios, and that was through art. Many artists attempted to describe lived experience through art as a way of documentation. African art was one of the most influential cultural types of art, emphasising their tradition and rich culture. Ancient illustrations have influenced the art world since its organisation, inspiring artists in modern art. An example of this is Picasso, who was inspired by African masks presented in museums. During this period, architecture and art came hand in hand, as sculptures were created to depict self-expression or religious aspects, and could be referred to as both art and architecture. Art during this time was a means of self-expression, culture and communication.

Medieval Art - 500 AD to 1400 AD

Christ of Mercy between the Prophets David and Jeremiah (between c. 1495 and c. 1500) by Diego de la Cruz

After the fall of the Roman Empire, poverty began during the Middle Ages, and art mainly depicted the people who fought in war and those involved. Artwork during this time was also created to illustrate Christianity and other religions. Furthermore, Medieval art combines religious themes and depictions of the fall of the Roman Empire. Moreover, art was directly incorporated within architecture, often in churches or cathedrals, taking the form of engravings and stained glass windows. Religious concepts and the hardship of those involved in the Roman Empire's fall were depicted in manuscripts and books, like the Bible.

Gothic Art - 1100s to 1500s

"Adoration of the Magi" by Gentile da Fabriano (1423)

Gothic art started in Paris and spread across Western and Central Europe. It was a way of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and artists created artwork in the style now known as naturalism. Architecture during this period was more influential than art, as the style of architecture was unorthodox at the time. As mentioned in the architectural timeline, the word "Gothic" was used as a derogatory term, comparing unusual styles to the German goths when they have nothing to do with the architecture or art. Furthermore, the style is associated with dark and mysterious themes, rendering Gothic art and architecture a striking movement.

Renaissance Art - 1400 to 1700

"The birth of Venus" by Sandro Botticelli (1485–1486)

Renaissance art originated across Europe, with artists from different countries collaborating to combine themes from previous art styles, specifically ancient Rome and Greece. Artists during the Renaissance period used philosophy as a means of depicting concepts. Traditionally, art was used to emphasise class and status, but artists began using art to explore conceptual thinking and improve society. Renaissance art inspired architecture and was the first movement against traditional artistic norms, as artists studied human experience.

Baroque & Rococo Art - 1700 to 1800

"The Calling of Saint Matthew" by Caravaggio (1599-1600)

Baroque art had notable characteristics, rendering the period eye-catching and hard to miss. Artists within the Baroque period depicted dramatic, usually religious scenes, such as the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, using a high contrast of light and shadow. The technique used within the artwork of this period is chiaroscuro. On the other hand, Rococo art began in France and depicted carefree compositions, using pastel and natural colours. Rococo art paved the way for Romanticism.

Romanticism - 1780 to 1850

"Liberty Leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix (1830)

Romanticism came after Neoclassicism (1750 to 1850). Neoclassicism strived away from Rococo art and revived conceptual themes regarding Ancient Greek and Roman philosophies. Romanticism is a way of thinking, rather than a specific style, although it does include notable characteristics. Romanticism artists often depicted emotional compositions, emphasising the natural landscape over urbanisation and industrialisation. It contains psychological themes, relating to the psychology of architecture and how architecture and modern life affect human perception and emotions. Furthermore, Romanticism was a protest against modern technology and capitalism due to the belief that they reduce the quality of life. This could even be seen as a protest towards specific architecture, which is interesting. The Romanticism movement brought Realist art to life. Realism (1848 to 1900) depicted everyday life, and how commonly people strive for mundanity, when instead searching for the opposite is just as efficient, if not more. Realist art was an attempt at depicting the world around us in high detail, and can be compared to other movements that did the same, but in different ways (Baroque art). Realism focussed on this idea, and took it further.

Modern Art - 1860 to 1970

"The Scream" by Edvard Munch (1893)

Modern art marks the beginning of the age of conceptual thinking and abstraction, the link between art & architecture becoming weaker, yet still relevant.

Impressionism (1865 to 1885)

After the invention of the camera in 1816, people believed that art would become insignificant and eventually outdated, as art was usually used to document experiences and the world around us. Artists persevered and continued to create art, unwilling to let the camera replace art. Impressionism took the fundamentals of realist art and took them further. During the Impressionism movement, artists focused on everyday surroundings, like realism art, but depicted emotion within the artist and how they perceived the world rather than the surroundings. At this point, art strived away from the influence of architecture, although architecture is often seen as an art.

Post-Impressionism (1885 to 1910)

Post-Impressionism built on key ideas conveyed within the Impressionism movement, but took self-expression further. Artists during this period strived away from depicting what was in front of them, stripping back depictions to simpler ideals, such as colour. Art was becoming more abstract, as photography emerged, forcing artists to think outside the box. Major characteristics during the Post-Impressionism movement were vivid colours, visible brushstrokes and texture. Post-Impressionism and Impressionism have similar characteristics, rendering it hard to differentiate, until the beginning of the 19th Century, when it became more abstract.

Expressionism (1905 to 1920)

Music and architecture were advancing quickly; artists during this time expressed their views and feelings surrounding society and how it was changing. Expressionism took Post-Impressionism further by making art more abstract, focusing on shape and rejecting 3-dimensional depictions. Furthermore, Expressionism was a protest against traditional artistic norms, such as the fundamentals of Realist art and a reaction to it.

Cubism (1907 to 1914)

Cubism was similar yet different from Expressionism. Cubism was a protest and reaction to Realism ideals, yet it took a different approach. Artists often depicted geometrical shapes to illustrate 3-Dimensional realities, emphasising a sense of abstraction.

Dadaism (1912 to 1923)

Dadaism built the fundamentals for avant-garde artists, art and movements. The avant-garde is associated with challenging behaviours that push traditional beliefs and boundaries, such as religion. Furthermore, it means depicting essential topics, such as political warfare. Dadaist artists challenged every traditional artistic norm to create thought-provoking work, often depicting political beliefs. Moreover, art within this period was usually left-leaning politically, developing the fundamentals of anarchism.

Bauhaus (1920 to 1925)

Originating in Germany, the Bauhaus movement was created by architect Walter Gropius. Bauhaus art shares characteristics of Cubist art, often being geometric and abstract in style, but used individuality with mass production.

Surrealism (1917 to 1950)

Surrealism combines artistic techniques and psychology, often surrounding the subconscious. The surrealist movement was created by Andre Breton, and the artwork created during this period was extremely thought-provoking. Artists usually depicted compositions based on dream-like scenarios or theories to create contrasting work that challenged the viewer. Characteristics included those from previous art periods, like the Baroque period, to emphasise hyper-realistic scenes using shadow and light. However, artists would juxtapose the realism depicted by illustrating unusual objects or scenes.

Abstract Expressionism (1940 to 1950s)

Abstract Expressionism took the concept that the surrealists came up with, that art can be created spontaneously from the subconscious. Artists within this movement took a different approach, using various ways of working to depict multiple ideas, emotions and topics such as sculpture. Furthermore, artists manipulated their environment, steering away from the restriction of solely based canvas work.

Pop Art (1950s to 1960s)

Art began to be commercialised in war propaganda, adverts and magazines. Pop art was a movement that used similar approaches to commercial art, such as printers to mass produce, but also used such techniques to create political artwork. It's identical to comic art styles, using bright and cartoon-like illustrations.

Minimalism (1960s to 1970s)

Minimalist art was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. Artists during this period stripped back ideals and self-expression and focused on the artwork alone, without symbolism or meaning. Furthermore, it emphasises simplicity, the lack of meaning, and the potential these ideas impose. Minimalist art has received backlash and is heavily criticised, but the provocation is the goal.

Conceptual Art (1960s to 1970s)

Conceptual Art focuses on an artwork's idea, process or material, rather than a finished design or form. The concept or idea is the artwork. Artists within this movement depict abstraction using various thought-provoking techniques, such as repeatedly presenting an activity and documenting the activity in an exhibition space. Conceptual art is still relevant today, as people quickly judge the movement due to a lack of open-mindedness and understanding. Many conceptual artists create artwork to this day, and the movement has influenced artists for years to come, exploring different techniques and topics.

Contemporary Art - 1970 to Present

"Bird on Money" by Jean-Michel Basquiat (1981)

Contemporary art often gets mixed up with modern art, and is defined by art created from the 1970s until now. Art and artists within this period continuously evolve, rendering it unpredictable, as humans are currently living within the era, making it hard to differentiate a specific style.

References:

Art History Timeline — A Guide to Western Art Movements

Archaeologists Have Discovered a Pristine 45,000-Year-Old Cave Painting of a Pig That May Be the Oldest Artwork in the World

Gothic art | Medieval Architecture, Sculpture & Painting | Britannica

Avant-garde - Wikipedia

[evolution-and-unpredictability]

Concept Research

The Evolution of Architecture:

Humans began constructing buildings with aesthetics in mind around 10,000 BC, or the Neolithic period. Before archaeologists discovered or figured out, humans created stone circles, megaliths, mounds, and unusual structures. Architecture was invented after humans built homes outside caves using basic materials like sticks and rocks. The word architecture can be defined in various ways. It can be an art, a science, a process, or a result. Architecture is the process of planning, designing, sketching, etc, and its result. Furthermore, it’s considered art and has been used for centuries to depict community culture. Architecture surrounds our everyday lives and thrives in urban environments.

Old structures include Stonehenge, Egyptian pyramids and the Heart of Neolithic Orkney structures on the Orkney Islands, Scotland. Years later, the door was created. The purpose of a door was to keep predators from entering homes, and it is still relevant to this day. Slowly but surely, homes evolved over generations, including more rooms and geometric designs. Archaeologists don’t know why older generations began building more complex structures, guessing that people imitated objects like the sun. Eventually, humans invented mud bricks during the Mesopotamian period. During this time, religion was practised and evolving, influencing the designs of structures. Many buildings were created through slave labour, such as the ancient Egyptian pyramids. Places steeped in cultural architecture are Greece, Rome and Harappa. Ancient Greek architects began focusing on the appearance of buildings, rather than just their functional use. They would use planned sketches and even sculptures to design their buildings. The treatise “De architectura” by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was the first written piece surrounding architecture and the first about the theory of architecture.

Architecture from different places and cultures influenced the designs of buildings, especially as world exploration began to emerge. Countries started to incorporate architecture similar to that of places explorers visited; for example, an architect may visit India and imitate designs from India in Britain. Furthermore, world exploration invented the Romanesque style of architecture during the 10th and 12th centuries; Stonemasons primarily built the churches built during this time. Gothic architecture was created after the Romanesque style, and modern architecture began to develop. Modern architecture continuously evolves. Historic architecture tends to be preserved to keep its cultural significance and materials for the future.

To this day, architecture is influenced by old architecture. For example, the prominent architectural designs of Rome and Greece, i.e., the columns and symmetry, are used in today’s architecture. Courthouses are an example of old architecture being implemented in modern architecture. Furthermore, modern buildings are influenced by Gothic architecture, specifically within urban environments, like skyscrapers within cities. These buildings are similar to the pointed arches seen within Gothic architecture, especially in cathedrals or churches. Modern architecture often implements minimalistic designs, where components are stripped down to create a simple aesthetic. Furthermore, more architects use basic colours like white, grey, and glass as key design features. Due to the climate change problem, architects must reuse materials instead of locally found resources.

References:

https://www.spatialdesignarchitects.com/journal/the-history-of-architectural-design/#:~:text=The%20Origins%20of%20Architecture,basic%20materials%20from%20the%20area.

https://www.thoughtco.com/architecture-timeline-historic-periods-styles-175996#:~:text=Architecture%20started%20in%20prehistoric%20times,past%20influences%20with%20innovative%20designs.

https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-architecture-178087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture

https://www.enginuityadvantage.com/from-ancient-to-modern-how-historical-architectural-styles-shape-todays-designs/#:~:text=The%20Classical%20Foundations,America%20echo%20these%20ancient%20motifs.

Architecture: A Timeline

Prehistoric Times - 11,600 BC to 3,500 BC

Stonehenge, England

The earliest form of architecture was the Prehistoric period. During this period, humans used basic materials like rocks, animal bones and sticks to build huts and domes after moving from caves. Function rather than aesthetic was prioritised, like doors and keeping heat in.

My take: To research and develop this further, I could create basic structures in natural environments like forests, using basic materials such as leaves and sticks. Furthermore, I could document my process through photography and attempt to evolve on related ideas.

Ancient Egypt - 3,050 BC to 900 BC

Great Sphinx of Giza, Egypt

Archaeologists and architects are often puzzled by ancient Egypt. They believe the pyramids and tombs represented gods, and enslaved people built the structures. Most of the structures were built during the first three dynastic periods in the Nile valley and Nubia. The flooding of the Nile River destroyed many of the homes built. Furthermore, the houses were built out of sun-baked blocks of mud.

My take: I’ve always been fascinated by ancient Egypt, as there are many mysterieses surrounding the history. I may research Ancient Egypt further, relating it to the unpredictable nature of the brief.

Classical Architecture - 850 AD TO 476 AD

Trevi Fountain, Rome, Italy

Classical architecture was founded in Rome and Greece, and its notable characteristics include attention to detail, symmetry, collums, marble and rectangular windows. Marcus Vitruvius was a Roman architect who created the basic principles of classical architecture in his work "De Architectura". Furthermore, classical architecture influenced architects for years to come and has been remade multiple times. Examples of classical architecture being revived are Neoclassical, Baroque and Renaissance architecture. Although, Roman architecture was heavily inspired by Greek architecture, and was created after.

My take: I’ve visited Rome before and was in love with its architecture. I took multiple pictures and explored crucial places like Pompeii and the Vatican. I may use the photography from Rome to begin making work, using the pictures as references or printing them out to collage with. Furthermore, Classical architecture is important as its the fundamentals of many buildings.

Byzantine & Early Christian Architecture - 373 AD to 565 AD

Hagia Irene or Aya İrini Kilisesi in Istanbul, Turkey

Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman architecture at first, specifically temples. A big characteristics of Byzatine architecture was domed roofs and bricks. Churches began to get built and buildings started including religious elements, bleeding into features of early Christian architecture. Christian architecture gave new meanings to art, using mosaics and engravings similar to Roman architecture.

My take: I’m interested specifically within the art surrounding this period of architecture. The religious aspects interest me, as I grew up religious and would like to research Christian architecture more. Furthermore, throughout my artistic journey so far I've included religious concepts and using architectural themes would be a new way of working.

Romanesque Architecture - 500 AD to 1200 AD

Maria Laach Abbey, Germany

As the Roman Empire flooded across Europe, much of its architecture influenced different countries during the Medieval period. More and more churches were being built. Romanesque architecture is a blend of Byzantine and Roman architecture, with elements of Gothic architecture. For example, it included domed roofs with pointed arches. Furthermore, architects began incorporating heavier and larger materials to build.

My take: Although I like this style, I’d rather research Byzantine and Gothic architecture more in depth rather than Romanesque. This is due to both periods of architecture being blended rather than its own, whereas Byzantine and Gothic architecture seems more important separately.

Gothic Architecture - 1100 to 1450

York Minster, York, England

This period originated in Europe and mainly started in France. Buildings were taller, and Cathedrals were a staple of Gothic architecture. Despite the dark aesthetic of Gothic architecture, religion influenced the designs, and Gothic buildings are some of the most holy. The word “Gothic” was a derogatory term that began in Europe, commonly associated with ugliness and unorthodoxy. Furthermore, people at this time looked down upon the style as the typical characteristics strayed away from Classical architecture and was compared to the Gothic (German) tribes that destroyed the Roman Empire. Common characteristics are stained glass windows, gargoyles, engravings, flying buttresses, and pointed arches. The name “Gothic” was inaccurate, but remains to describe the style of architecture to this day. Architects in the 19th and 20th century revived Gothic architecture.

My take: Gothic is my favourite style of architecture. For years, I've depicted Gothic architecture within my work. I've always been hypnotised by the style, the history and the emotions surrounding it, as the style has religious elements, it almost seems satanic. This is due to the style going against traditional norms, the origins of its name evidencing this, rendering it political. I may dive into this aspect further. However, I don't know the history related to Gothic architecture, and I must research it further to continue creating artwork at a higher standard. I may explore the unpredictability of the style and how it's evolved, relating to the brief.

Renaissance Architecture - 1400 AD to 1600 AD

Frederiksborg Castle, Hillerød, Denmark

Renaissance architecture was a revival of Classical architecture, taking inspiration from Rome and Greece, originating in Italy, England and France. Villas began being built more, specifically in this style. Renaissance architecture spread across Europe, and modern architects take inspiration from this period. Furthermore, Renaissance art was on the rise and incorporated into structural designs.

My take: The link between this period of architecture and Renaissance art formed the idea of creating my own art for each period of architecture and the art of that time. I may create artwork relating to the brief in a timeline format of the evolution of architecture, and incorporate elements of the art style surrounding each period.

Baroque Architecture - 1600 AD to 1830 AD

Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles, France

Baroque architecture was similar to Renaissance architecture, but took elements further. Architects incorporated self-expression using opulent paintings, contrasting colours, and dramatic shapes and ornaments. Art and music evolved during this time, influencing architecture; famous musicians included Bach, Monteverdi and Corelli. Baroque architecture inspired Rococo architecture between 1650 and 1790.

My take: I'm intrigued by the relation of music and architecture during this time, as music created within this period set the fundamentals of today's music. I may research the musical aspect further.

Victorian Architecture - 1840 AD to 1900 AD

Carson Mansion in Eureka, California, USA

Victorian architecture began in England and spread to various countries, including Australia, North America, and New Zealand. Although this period of architecture has its own characteristics, many other styles of architecture originated during this period across the world. Neoclassicism began during the Baroque period and bled through to Victorian architecture, 1730 to 1925. Art Nouveau (1890 to 1914) and Beaux Arts (1895 to 1925) architecture started near the end of Victorian architecture, influencing these styles. The rise of the middle class and wealth began during the Victorian period. Furthermore, typically Victorian houses were built to include people from different backgrounds and income levels, rendering this period a crucial point in architectural history. Victorian houses paved the way for semi-detached, detached and rows of terraced houses, usually for factory workers. Although these styles of homes began with large rooms and high ceilings, they started including smaller houses for low-income workers, and families with servants on the bottom floor. By the end of this period, Victorian homes began including modern conveniences like sanitation, cold and hot running water, and gas.

Reference:

What Is Victorian Architecture?

My take: Victorian architecture was one of, if not the most critical, periods, as it was the beginning of politically motivated architecture. Poverty has always been, and still is, a problem for humans, but during the Victorian period, architects and society started considering people of different classes. Although there was still a lot to work on at the time, it was the beginning of something. However, segregation within different classes and cultures is still a problem, so this may have made it worse, in a way. I may look into this further, and delve into the political side of architecture, i.e. slave labour and various classes.

Modern Architecture - 1900 AD to Present

Villa Savoye, Poissy, France

Modern architecture refers to multiple recent styles of architecture that are relevant to architecture in the present day. Architectural styles within the contemporary period are Neo-Gothic, 1905 to 1930, Art Deco, 1925 to 1937, Post-Modernism, 1972 to present, and Neo-Modernism and Parametricism, 1997 to present. Modern architecture is often a revival of a previous style of architecture, or taking elements of older styles and transforming them into another style and taking ideas further, or in another direction. An example of this is Neo-Gothic architecture. Neo-Gothic architecture was a Victorian style influenced by cathedrals and elements of medieval architecture, inspired by the Gothic revival that started in the 17th Century. Furthermore, this style of architecture was applied to modern buildings and converted previous styles of architecture into its own style.

My take: Modern architecture surrounds our everyday lives, affecting our thoughts and feelings. It's easier to find than older architecture, as most old architecture has had to be reworked due to deterioration or has been revived, replacing old buildings. I may work up a timeline, practically creating artwork, and finishing with modern architecture and how different styles influence humans ' day lives, relating to the unpredictability of the brief. Furthermore, I will research and expand on this idea further, especially near the end of this project.

[evolution-and-unpredictability]

Brief Research

What is Evolution & Unpredictability?

Evolution: The word "evolution" has several meanings. Evolution can refer to a descent with modification from previous species, the theory explaining the appearance of a new species or a gradual change/development over time. There are two types of evolution: biological and time. Examples of time-based evolution are the trees' leaves (i.e. the seasons), the evolution of technology, or how rivers form.

Words associated or similar to "evolution" are: evolve, development, advancement, growth, progress, progression, expansion, extension, change, transformation, adaptation, reworking, and so much more.

Unpredictability: On the other hand, the word "unpredictability" means the likelihood of sudden and unexplained change. Furthermore, unpredictability is the inability to foresee what, when or how an event will occur. Examples of unpredictable circumstances are political instability within countries, the end of mankind (when and how), weather/natural disasters (to some extent), and what happens after death.

Words associated or similar to "unpredictability" are: unpredictable, uncertain, chaotic, unreliable, unstable, unknown, capricious, inconsistent, random, and the list goes on.

Artist Research (Time-based)

Jane and Louise Wilson

Jane Wilson and Louise Wilson are contemporary artists, born in 1967 in England. The Wilsons work collaboratively using photography, video and film to create artwork. Their artistic careers began in 1989 when Jane studied at Newcastle Polytechnic, and Louise studied for a BA at the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art. Furthermore, they started working together when they submitted matching artworks for their degree show and later studied the MA course at Goldsmiths College. After graduating from Art School in 1992, the Wilsons began creating work outside of their studies.

In 1999, the Wilsons were awarded the Turner Prize for their exhibition "Gamma" in London. By the 2000s, their careers were successful as the Wilsons worked conceptually and complexly. The Wilsons use chromogenic print, or "C-Print" for most of their film stills and photography. In photography, a C-Print refers to the technique used by artists when using high-resolution prints. The print, slide or colour negative is exposed to Chromogenic photographic paper. After that step, the print is placed into a chemical bath, where the photographic print reacts, creating a full colour image. The picture still changes due to the chemicals after the process.

Furthermore, you can use this process to experiment with light, heat and water to change the print. However, this makes the picture low quality. Examples of artworks are "Omnimax Cinema, Caesar's Palace: Las Vegas, Graveyard Time" (1999), "Erewhon (Denniston)" (2004), "The Silence is Twice as Fast Backwards II" (2008), "Toxic Camera, Blind Landing Lab 1

(H - Bomb Testing Facility, Orford Ness)" (2012) and "Untitled #13 'I'd Walk With You But Not With Her'" (2019).

References:

Jane and Louise Wilson - Wikipedia

Jane and Louise Wilson | Artists | 303 Gallery

Maureen Paley – Jane and Louise Wilson: The Toxic Camera

C-print | Tate

Artwork:

"Atomgrad 7 (Nature Abhors a Vacuum)" 2010

Taken from Chernobyl

2D into 3D Workshop

Task 1:

Drawing grids on paper

Task 2:

Creating a 3-dimensional form of the paper

2D into 3D Workshop Reflection:

The Folded Forms workshop corresponded more to the Index brief, as the first two tasks replicated aeroplanes. The workshop felt indexical, as the third task represented multiple meanings. For example, the paper protruding from the map indicates structures, linking it to buildings, i.e. the Twin Towers. I may use the techniques gained from the workshop to explore different ways of using paper. Furthermore, I've learned that materials can be used in various ways and in ways they're not intended for, I.e paper is meant for drawing/writing on but can be used to create 3-dimensional forms.

Overall, I enjoyed the Folded Forms Workshop and gained some insightful skills. However, the work surrounding the Stranger brief intrigues me more than the Index brief, and I will benefit more from the Stranger brief. Although I may use indexes to make work in accordance with the Stranger brief, I will explore this further when researching and planning my concept.