Early Musings on Amazon Feminism
Amazon Feminism (relative to Physical Feminism) seems to be making a bit of a comeback, which in certain ways can be encouraging. I think its theory is unfortunately under-developed and in some theoretical interpretations misdirected or misguided but its support of the womenâs/girlsâ self-defense movement(s), a particular brand of the body positivity movement (that champions female muscularity, athleticism, and physical power), and activism that counters and confronts the ableism and sexism disabled female athletes experience, while incorporating an evaluation that acknowledges the different racialized constructions of femaleness or femininity and power in relation with systems of privilege and oppression and how that ties to the body, gives it foundation. However, there is still a lot that needs to be distinctly written about it as its own school of thought in Feminism. Either that or the material published on it as such is not readily available. Nevertheless, Iâm going to start posting excerpts from essays that can be attributed to it. Many of these essays examine or feature:
- Studies that reveal that women and girls underestimate how they perform on physical tests, even when they perform better than their male counterparts.
- Studies that de-emphasize what the female body canât do but rather what we can do and how our physical strength develops and how this development is socially and culturally curbed.
- Studies that indicate the natural capacity for female strength based on training and backed by strength tests.
- How the cultural constructions of physical weakness end up being internalized by women and girls and this becomes a cyclic self-fulfilling prophecy (that we can break!).
- The âglass ceilingâ that women put on their physical bodies: many women are fearful of getting âtoo bigâ (by whose standards? And for who? By heterosexually attracted men and for the benefit of male hegemony). Due to this, women often hold back when exercising and bodybuilding and deliberately avoid developing âtoo muchâ noticeable muscle mass (but it doesnât have to be this way!).
- Excerpts analyzing how race and ethnicity shape perceptions of female strength and how, for example, white femininity contrasts the expectations and construction of black femininity since they have different historical contexts that they both developed from and in.
- The constant balancing act physically strong and noticeably muscular women endure, especially if they are women of color (more so if they are also dark skinned), in which they are expected to counter their gender non-conforming qualities by resorting to feminizing practices and looks (such as using visible make-up or excess make-up, getting large breast implants, wearing long, blonde hair, etc).
- The dually misogynistic and lesbophobic/lesbiphobic assumptions made about female athletes in which their physical strength and athleticism is culturally coded as being gender non-conforming (thus stereotyped as âmasculineâ) and they experience accusations of being lesbians (with negative connotation and negative stigma) or are accused of being actually male because of the sexist attitude that âNo woman can actually or naturally possibly be that strong/fast/powerful!â and how they are then pressured to confirm their biological sex to prove that they are really female.
- Theories and studies on the success rates of women being able to fight back against male assailants and studies on the reported confidence boosts that women and girls generally experience when they feel they are effectively equipped with tools and tactics that they can use to fend off attackers.
- Information and tactics on self-defense, and mental tools for being able to recognize and pinpoint abusive behavior and male predation. Â
Thereâs more and Iâll continue searching around but some of the discourse has a lot to do with the female body not just being a cage because of sex-based oppression.
Itâs true that under patriarchy women are targeted for violence, degradation, inequality, and oppression on the basis of being female. Because of this, women and girls may express anger that we direct inwards towards ourselves because we may feel helpless and weak and we are frustrated with what we think are our biological limitations.
What can appeal about Amazon Feminism (or Physical Feminism in variations or by other names) is that it praises what women can do (both able-bodied and disabled) and focuses largely on women as icons of strength, power, leadership, heroism, and combat (for liberatory purposes and effect despite its risks, not for the oppressive state, unjust wars, or to perpetuate unnecessary non-defensive violence between women. This is where it can be interpreted in potentially harmful and misguided or misdirected ways that harm this Feminist project).
Amazon Feminism also provides much of the ideological foundation for the women and girlsâ self-defense movement(s) and is largely supportive of women in sports, female mixed martial artists, female fitness, female bodybuilders, and female-only spaces.
Controversy? Amazon Feminism and Gun Politics:
I have not come across much reading materials openly available online in connection with gun politics and Amazon Feminism. Then again, I have not come across much involving Feminism and gun politics in general considering most Feminists (accurately) associate male-patterned violence with patterns of gun violence and thus, thereâs been a neglect to alternative discourses surrounding that that arenât completely negative or broadly demonizing.
I pointed out in a previous post that mentioned gun politics (made months ago) that intersectionality (importantly) heightens Feminist discretion since women of color have a far more delicate and dangerous relationship with firearms, and resorting to them in self-defense, and how the sexist-racist criminal (in)justice system responds to that. Just look at the initial ruling for U.S black mother Marissa Alexander (now released) who was sentenced to 20 years behind bars for firing off a warning shot to ward off her abusive husband.
Related PDF reads (mostly directly connected to the athletic and fitness component of Amazon Feminism. There are more topics of interests in this particular branch of Feminism though):
The Politics of Muscle by Gloria Steinem (approx. 1987)
âHolding Backâ: Negotiating a Glass Ceiling on Womenâs Muscular Strength by Shari L. Dworkin (2001)
Female Bodybuilding and the Politics of Muscle: How female bodybuilders negotiate race, gender, and (hetero)sexuality in bodybuilding competition by Ellexis Boyle (2001)
Negotiating Gender: Bodybuilding and the Natural/Unnatural Continuum by Jennifer K. Wesely (2001)
Depicting the Sporting Body: The Intersection of Gender, Race and Disability in Womenâs Sport/Fitness Magazines by Marie Hardin, Susan Lynn, and Kristie Walsdorf (2006)
The female bodybuilder as a gender outlaw by Chris Shilling and Tanya Bunsell (2009)
Stereotyping, Stigma, and Femininity in Female Sports by Clare Chandler (2010)
Marginalization and Trivialization of Female Athletes and Womenâs Sports
through Commentator Discourse: A Study of ESPNâs SportsCenter, by Wendy Tanner (2011)
Pumping up the Pomp: An Exploration of Femininity and Female Bodybuilding by Amy Scott (2011)
IGNITE - Marginalized Muscle: Transgression and the Female Bodybuilder
by Victoria Felkar (2012)
Gender Relations in Sport, Edited by Emily A. Roper (2013)
Female Athletes in a Dual-World: How they Manage, Negotiate, and Tread the Waters of Conflicting Notions of Body Types by Ariella Tali Faitelson (2013)
Towards the âUndoingâ of Gender in Mixed-Sex Martial Arts and Combat Sports by Alex Channon (2014)
Womenâs Bodybuilding: Towards a Radical Politics of Muscle by Nicholas Chare
Crafting the Gendered Body: Feminist Bodybuilding by Anne Balsamo
Facing the Bogey: Women, Football and Sexuality by Barbara Cox and Shona Thompson
Sport, the media and the construction of compulsory heterosexuality
by presenters Jan Wright and Gill Clarke
Women in Sport: Gender Stereotypes in the Past and Present by Kristin Wilde
Women in Male Domains of Sport by Christa Kleindienst-Cachay & Karolin Heckemeyer
âYou Donât Look Like an Athleteâ: The Effects of Feminine Appearance on Audience Perceptions of Female Athletes and Womenâs Sports by Amy Jones
Barriers To Sports Participation For Women and Girls
An Exploration of the Miasma That Surround Black Female Athletic Directors by Jacqueline McDowell, PhD
Gendered Portrayals of Athletes by the Media - Heâs a Laker; Sheâs a âLooker:â The Consequences of Gender-Stereotypical Portrayals
of Male and Female Athletes by the Print Media, by Jennifer L. Knight and Traci A. Giuliano
Womenâs Self-Defense Org (official website) Reading List
Roots of Resistance to Womenâs Self Defense by Jocelyn Hollander
Back Off!, by Martha J. Langelan
Streetsmarts, by Louise Rafkin
Ainât I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, by bell hooks
Beauty Bites Beast, by Ellen Snortland
Domestic Violence for Beginners, by Alisa del Tufo
Exploding the Myth of Self-Defense, by Judith Fein
Fear into Anger, by Py Bateman
The Gift of Fear, by Gavin de Becker
Girls Fight Back! The College Girlâs Guide to Protecting Herself, by Erin Weed
The Handmaidâs Tale, by Margaret Atwood
Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant, by Andrea Dworkin
Her Wits About Her: Self-Defense Success Stories by Women, edited by Denise Caignon and Gail Groves
In Defense of Ourselves, by Linda Tschirhart Sanford and Ann Fetter
In Search of our Motherâs Gardens: Womanist Prose, by Alice Walker
Letters from a War Zone, by Andrea Dworkin
Lust to Kill: Feminist Investigation of Sexual Murder, by Deborah Cameron
The Politics of Reality: Essays on Feminist Theory, by Marilyn Frye
Real Knockouts: The Physical Feminism of Womenâs Self-Defense, by Martha McCaughey
The Revolution Starts at Home: Confronting Intimate Violence within Activist Communities, by Ching-In Chen
Self-Defense from the Inside Out: A Womenâs Workbook for Developing Self-Esteem and Assertiveness Skills for Safety, by Nadia Telsey
Self-Defense: Steps to Success, by Joan Nelson
Self-Defense: The Womanly Art of Self Care, Intuition, and Choice, by Debbie Leung
Training Women in the Martial Arts: A Special Journey, by Jennifer Lawler and Laura Kamienski
Trauma and Recovery, by Judith Herman Lifelines, by Marcia Hall
Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her, by Susan Griffin
Women, Race and Class, by Angela Y. Davis
Womenâs Self-Defense Org (official website) Resource List
No Means No Worldwide: Violence Prevention and Intervention
Arming Sisters: Self defense to indigenous women
She Kicks, She Throws: Martial arts for women and girls
NWMAF: National womenâs martial arts federation
WomenStrength: Womenâs self defense in Portland, OR
R.A.D: Rape Aggression Defense System
AWSDA: American Womenâs Self Defense Association
Warrior Sisters Organization (a womenâs self-defense organization/program)
Bonus Feature:
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