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âïž Hymn to Apollo - John Keats âïž
Prayer to Demeter
Demeter AglaĂłdohros: Daughter of fair-haired Rhea, Sister of the illustrious Olympians, Mother of Persephone, beloved of Gods and mortals, Heir of Gaia; Hear Your servant sing Your praises Which number many. You provide us mortals with the guidance of divine law. You taught us to farm the land. You bring forth the bounty of the Earth. You teach us the Mysteries and lead us to a blessed afterlife. You are benevolent and just, Kind and cunning, Beloved and wise. May no one slack in their reverence of You, You who are eternally worthy of our worship and thanks.
A guide to worship of Persephone- cheat sheets
Hellenic cheat sheets
What are epithets & their importance
if i got anything wrong feel free to correct me + add info! and as always letâs ignore my bad grammar, english is not my main language.
Huhuhuhuhu thanks to my history teacher and librarian for inspiring this post. Thereâs always a muse out there.
So today while my classmates had a heated debate on Zeus (act surprised) I realized most of them didnât know what an epithet was. I mean, they are not into the greek gods as i am (I worship them, duh) so itâs no surprise they donâ know, but I also realized many baby hellenic polytheist might not know either. So here I am, youâre non-gender-conforming godparent giving you one of the most basic lessons when it comes to the gods.
The gods are not plane, they are round, they have multiple faces, they are deities, not just characters from myths and books Â
When I first started I didnât know what the hell an epithet was, I was always so confused when they said Apollo Lykheos (lets pretend this is not the only epithet i know by memory) and then Apollo Phoebus because I thought they were different deities, to my disgrace I had no one to explain it to me.Â
So what the hell are epithets?Â
Literal definition of epithet:Â an adjective or phrase expressing a quality or attribute regarded as characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.
Let me give you an example: A friend of yours loves reading, they love it so freaking much, so one of your teachers is like âoh pepito the readerâ, itâs obvious that pepito is a reader.
Now examples with deities. Demeter Chthonia (of the Earth). WHAT DO WE ASSUME KIDS?! That Demeter is an Earth deity. Duh. And like that with all the deities.Â
Itâs basically a title the greeks gave to their deities, my mom calls it as âspecializationsâ or aspects. Now, whatâs the importance of this epithets, titles, specializations, whatever you wanna call it?
Because they give the gods multiple faces that give us a context of what they are, which we will never fully know because the gods are complex beings. An example, Zeus has the epithet Stratios (Of War) but he also has the epithet Meilikhios (Merciful).Â
Another utility I find is the one of giving us an idea aside from what the myths tell us. The people who attack so ruthlessly Zeus surely havenât read his epithets, have they?
So next time youâre going to say âOH X DEITY IS SUCH AN ASSHOLE, THEY DONâT DO ANYTHING POSITIVE (add any bs people say)â em⊠donât?. Research first, if they were so terrible they wouldnât have epithets and groups of worship saying how amazing they are.
Learn about epithets, itâs important, itâll give you a new idea of your deities, new aspects of them⊠please please do.
 I hope this was not as confusing as I think it isâŠ. good luck kids!
Hey, able bodied pagans! Stop calling Hephaistos actual slurs!
Stop calling him a crippled god! Stop calling him a lame god! Stop saying he has a gimp leg!
Frankly, stop calling him handicapped, too! Stop with the âdisfiguredâ! What is your problem?!
Heâs a disabled deity. He has a leg injury. He has a limp. Its dubious (not all people are cool with it), but you could say leg deformity, too.
Unless you are a physically disabled person with a walking impairment (which I amâotherwise I would not type out the slurs), stop. (And disabled folks, I trust you to use the terms in an appropriate sense, but please clarify thatâs what youâre doing because ableds already have the entirely wrong idea about this.)
This is so pervasive everywhere that I and several other disabled pagans I know canât bring ourselves to research Hephaistos because of the sheer amount of ableism present in every single fucking source.
Do better. Stop being ableist dicks.
Disabled people are built into our religion, our pantheon, witchcraft and paganism as a whole, and yâall are forcing us out of so much of it by making our environments so needlessly hostile.
đŻđ Dionysus the Liberator đđŻ
Dionysus is known by many names, including 'the Twice-Born God' and 'the Resurrected One', but my favourite one is, without a doubt, 'the Liberator'.
He is seen as a symbol of hope, as he was given a second chance at life as an infant. Having been killed as a baby in an accident, Zeus sewed his child's body to his thigh, from which Dionysus was born again.
When he was ascended to Olympus, he was done so as the Liberator of humanity, being the god of madness, ecstasy, the harvest, and hope, to name a few.
As a result, he is often depicted in art and sculpture as holding out either a libation cup or arms laden with fruit, showing how he provides for us so lovingly. He is famously shown with Eros in reliefs and sculptures, feeding and nourishing the child god; or shown with a nymph and her child, feeding them from the bushel of grapes in his arms.
The ancient Greeks celebrated his birthday on what lines up to be the 25th of December on modern calendars, and it is from Dionysus that the story of the birth and resurrection of Jesus Christ came from.
Dionysus is so so much more than just the god of wine, and he doesn't deserve to have that taken away from him. He is a provider and he has cared for us for millennia, whether we realised it to the full extent or not. Praise and hail đđŻ
Oaths and Hellenic Polytheism
Hereâs my short essay on oaths. If you find anything that needs correcting please contact me.Â
Oaths Defined
An oath for the purposes of this essay is defined as a statement of fact sworn upon, âthe head of Zeusâ or upon the River Styx*. The daimon of oaths, Horkos9, will be referred to as Horkos in this essay to avoid confusion between the two as in some text the daimon is referred to as simply Oaths.
There are two kinds of oaths that will be covered, the sworn oath and the unsworn oath. This essay will provide examples of both types of oaths, explain the consequences for breaking oaths, and finally, this essay will look at how classic oaths could effect and influence the lives of Hellenic polytheists in their current practices.
Oath Formula
An oath is given by swearing upon Zeusâs head, or by referencing the water of the river Styx. In the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, however, Hermes never explicitly voices his oath to Apollon instead Apollon outlines the oath and asks that Hermes nod his head to accept it or verbally swear it himself. When Hermes nods, both gods treat that oath like it was sworn verbally by Hermes.
Unsworn Oaths
Unsworn oaths, specifically the unsworn oaths of Hermes are taken from the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. These oaths sound like proper sworn oaths but the language used provides wiggle room for the trickster.
âBut if you wish, I will swear a great oath by my fatherâs head, that I am not responsible, nor have I seen any other who stole your cows âŠâ1
Fletcher, author of A Tricksterâs Oaths in the âHomeric Hymn to Hermes argues that the use of I will instead of I do keep this oath from being a properly sworn oath7. The text supports this argument because the infant-god is not punished for âbreakingâ this oath, because the Hymn is clear that Hermes did in fact steal Apollonâs cattle7.
It should be mentioned that unsworn oaths are mentioned as a warning. Attempting to hoodwink the gods with an unsworn oath is unlikely to end well.
Examples of Oaths
There are many examples of oaths in Hellenic texts. Â Here are two examples.
Leto swearing an oath to Delos, âNow hear this, Earth and wide Heaven above, and dropping water of Styx (this is the strongest and most awful oath for the blessed gods), surely Phoebus shall have here his fragrant altar and precinct, and you he shall honour above all.â1
Calypso giving her oath to Odysseus âMay heaven above and earth below be my witnesses, with the waters of the river Styx- and this is the most solemn oath which a blessed god can take- that I mean you no sort of harm, and am only advising you to do exactly what I should do myself in your place.â5
Breaking Oaths-Mortals
Epiorkia or perjury is the breaking of an oath. Epiorkia has consequences both for mortals and for immortals11. Horkos, who was mentioned above as the daimon of oaths, was the one who inflicted punishment upon perjurers. Horkos is described in Hesiodâs Theogony as one âwho does more damage than any other to earthly men, when anyone, of his knowledge, swears to a false oath.â3
âBeware of all the fifth days [of the month]; for they are harsh and angry; it was on the fifth, they say, that the Erinyes (Furies) assisted at the bearing of Horkos (Horcus, Oath), whom Eris (Strife) bore, to be a plague on those who take false oath.â4
In Aesopâs Fables Horkos tells a man who hoped to avoid being punished for oath breaking, âYou also need to know that if somebody intends to provoke me, I am accustomed to come back again the very same day.â This is in reference to the man wanting to escape punishment who had asked Horkos how often he came to punish oath breakers. When Horkos replied that we would return in thirty or forty years, the mortal thought he could escape the punishment, he was wrong2. Â
Breaking Oaths-Deities
Hesiod describes what happens to the deathless gods when they break oaths:
â[When a god] is forsworn, [he] lies breathless until a full year is completed, and never comes near to taste ambrosia and nectar, but lies spiritless and voiceless on a strewn bed: and a heavy trance overshadows him. But when he has spent a long year in his sickness, another penance and an harder follows after the first. For nine years he is cut off from the eternal gods and never joins their councils of their feasts, nine full years. But in the tenth year he comes again to join the assemblies of the deathless gods who live in the house of Olympus.â3
HPs and Oaths
Oaths could very easily have a place in lives of Hellenic polytheists, if the polytheists are aware of the seriousness and weight of the oaths. These oaths invoke the Hellenic gods and daimons, and should not be taken lightly but with proper knowledge and awareness oaths are like any other promise with a slightly higher stake for breaking them.
Possible uses for oaths could be in oathing oneâs self to deities and in marriage ceremonies. Both situations require commitment and sincerity and would have to be worded very carefully.
For example, when oathing to a deity the ritual language provided in The Homeric Hymns can be a good template to work from. It would be easy to craft an oath using similar language to the example oaths, like referencing the heaven and earth, adding in the deity of choice as a specific witness, as well as the water of the river.
Mentioning the solemnness of the oath is also a reoccurring pattern, even in oaths sworn on the head of Zeus, so that wouldnât be remiss to mention.
Here is a mock-up of an oath.
âMay the Heavens and Earth be witness to my oath, upon the water of the River Styx which flows, this most solemn oath, is given toâŠâ
Keep in mind itâs just an example but it stands to reason that all oaths would follow that similar pattern.
*Something I didnât really explore is the possible that there are two âlevels of oathâ one sworn on the head of Zeus which is described by Hermes in his unsworn oath in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes as a great oath1. An oath on the water of the River Styx is described several times as the âthe most solemn oathâ1 that a deathless god can swear which seems to imply that that between the two oaths on made on the River Styx is more serious, than one sworn on Zeus.
Another example of swearing to Zeus instead of the River Styx is in The Iliad. Achilles swears upon his sceptre which is said to represent Zeusâ justice8, ââŠand swear it with a great oath- nay, by this my sceptreâŠâ5
[1] The Homeric HymnsÂ
[2] Aesop, Fables
[3] Hesiod, Theogony
[4] Hesiod, Works & Days
[5] Homer, The Iliad
[6] Homer, The Odyssey
[7] Fletcher, Judith. âA Tricksterâs Oaths in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes.â American Journal of Philology 129.1 (2008): 19-46. Web.
[8] http://mythagora.com/bios/zeusiliad.html
[9] Theoi.com
[10] ThĂŒr, Gerhard (Graz). âEpiorkia.â Brillâs New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and , Helmuth Schneider. Brill Online, 2015. Reference. 27 June 2015 <http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/epiorkia-e333010>
Head of Hera
Marble Head of Hera. Found in the Argive Heraion. It belongs to the cult statue of the goddess or to a statue from the West pediment of the temple of Hera.
Argive work, associated with the school of Polykleitos, circa 420 BC.
(National Archaeological Museum, Athens.)
Historically Accurate Offerings for Apollo(n)
Bay leaves/bay laurel
Wine, water, milk
Laurel
Larkspur
Cypress
Frankincense (manna) incense
Palm tree
Music
Lyres, bows
Omphalos images (see below)
Burnt fat from meat
Raven images
Dolphin images (from the Cretan myth)
Tripods
Images from Wikimedia
Sources: theoi.com and LABRYSâ Household Worship
Grimoire - Hellenic Polytheism
Hellenic Polytheism In General: HP 101: Where to start Hellenic polytheism - free (and reliable!) resources Things Every Baby Hellenic Should Research/Know Adult Home Study for Hellenic and Roman Polytheists Considering the Hellenic Pagan as an Identity Bedridden and Low Energy hellenic polytheist tips 10 Myths About Hellenismos The Thing About Myths A Clash of Tales: How to Reconcile Conflicting Myths The Gods are not their myths! Some points on Orphism The difference between "religion online" and "online religion" Lets have a chat: about research in recon How to determine if a book on mythology is legit? Hellenic Polytheism: Evaluating âHow-toâ Books Why learning Hellenic Polytheism (or really any other pagan current) on Tumblr aint a good idea
Hellenic Polytheist Concepts And Practices: Khernips A follow-up on pollution and purification Miasma vs. Lyma Thoughts on cognitive hygiene and pollution Spiritual protection in the Greco-Roman world The Hellenic Gods Arenât Malicious Towards You. Deepening your relationship with a deity Why personal devotion matters Things the Gods Get Mad at Mortals For On Household Worship Children in Ancient (Athenian) Festivals Basic Prayer Formula Dissecting the Anatomy of Prayer Kharis: The Reciprocal Relationship with the Gods Invoking Kharis Xenia, and why it is our duty as Hellenic polytheists/pagans to be anti-racist and anti-fascist The Pillars of Hellenic Worship Pillars of Hellenismos Oaths and Hellenic Polytheism Hellenic polytheism and witchcraft Witchcraft in Hellenismos Magic in Hellenismos: An Introduction Ingredients of Ancient Greek style reconstructed magic Magic idea: using the Iliad (and Odyssey) for magic Popular Divination Methods in Ancient Greece Introduction to The Underworld as Understood in Ancient Hellas Practical tips for Hellenic Khthonic Ritual Necromancy- a learning journal
Religious Offerings: Extravagant Offerings Are Unnecessary Libations Effects of Libations in the Garden Why water is not a "lazy" offering Basic Hellenic Offering Ritual Historical Hellenic Offerings How to Make an Offering as a Hellenic Polytheist (based on historical methods)
Hellenic Pantheon: Pantheon of the Greek Gods Resources for Cult Epithets of the Greek Gods Theogony Choose Your Starter Theoi Modern Hellenic Polytheist Household Deity Worship Household rituals for the Agathos Daimon The forgotten ones: on honouring obscure gods Zeus and Heraâs Marriage In defense of Zeus Nymph Worship Honouring the Nymphai - The maidens of nature. Ourea: The Mountain Gods Potamoi: The River Gods Offerings to local river gods (potamoi) Hero Worship Hero worship 101 - The basics Hero Worship 101 - Which hero should I worship? How do I contact them?
Festivals And Sacred Days: Libation days in Hellenismos 2021 Attic Calendar Deipnon-Noumenia-Agathos Daimon lunar dates for 2021 The Attic Calendar Hekate's Deipnon Noumenia Agathos Daimon Deipnon, Noumenia and Agathos Daimon Prayers Attempting to set up a "holiday decoration" box Example Modernisation of an Ancient Greek Festival
Things To Beware Of: Authors to Watch Out For in Hellenismos Hellenic Polytheist Groups to Avoid Things to Watch Out for in Hellenic Polytheism How To Tell When "God Drama" Is Fake
My Hellenic Polytheism Practice: My Hellenic Polytheism Recommended Reading List The glorious mess of a Hellenic Pagan with her glorious mess of a religious practice Festivals and holidays I observe as a Hellenic witch To the new worshippers/devotees My advice for beginner Hellenic Pagans Keeping in touch with the gods Things I have learned as a Hellenic Pagan Hellenic Pagan Oath Taking "Permissions" How NOT to act with the gods Asking the gods for favors My advice regarding romantic relationships with Hellenic deities To the witches who would like to work with the Hellenic deities, from a Hellenic witch How I pray as a Hellenic Pagan The gods are complex beings The Hellenic Witch with an Atheist Spouse Why I don't interpret religious/spiritual experiences for others "How do I know... what if..."
Friendly reminder that the Hellenic Underworld is not the Christian Hell, and Hades is not the Devil.
Traditional Offerings (Ouranic and Khthonic)
Ouranic
Diluted Wine
Water
(Olive) Oil
Honey
Milk
Meat (common : sheep and cow)
Grains (barley), bread, cakes
Honeyed bread and cakes
Fruit, first fruit of the season
Flowers, flower wreaths/crowns
Incense (frankincense, storax, myrrh, myrtle, jasmine)
Khthonic
Unmixed wine
Water
Milk
Honey
Coins, money
Meat (common : sheep and cow)
Grains (barley), bread, cakes
Honeyed bread and cakes
Fruit, first fruit of the season
Flowers, flower wreaths/crowns
Votive offerings can also be given to both.
This is not an exhaustive list nor will it fit every deity - for example, pomegranates are a good offering for Hera, but not for Demeter (they're banned during the Eleusinian Mysteries) - so make sure to check.
Stater: Athena and Eagle (reverse), 305-285 BC, Cleveland Museum of Art: Greek and Roman Art
Size: Overall: 3 cm (1 3/16 in.) Medium: silver
https://clevelandart.org/art/1916.994.b
The moment of the discovery. 2.70 meters high marble statue of the hellenic Goddess Hestia unearthed in Bouleuterion of Aigai, 2017.
Hesiod's "Works and Days" is a collection of advice, right?
A lot of it is basically an ancient Greek "Old Farmer's Almanac," and hardly applicable to anyone anymore. All of it is written for men with arable land and slaves to work that land, and so plenty of it is not applicable for that reason.
But there's some good advice to be gleaned from the book, nonetheless.
The gods care about how we care for each other. I think we remember theoxenia quite well, and remember the beauty of the reciprocal exchange with the gods. But I think some of us find it more difficult to keep in mind the importance of xenia. We must be good to one another. (However, the nature of reciprocity means that you do not need to accept poor treatment, nor should you!)
Hesiod mentions being certain to pray at the beginning and end of each day. I've seen others do this, and I've tried in the past to follow this practice. Your own worship rules/schedule is personal, and will inevitably differ from others'. But it's not a bad idea to find a schedule that works for you, to regularize prayer in your life. (PomegranateAndIvy posted a podcast episode on Spotify on 12/07/2020 about personal worship rules. Podcast title "For the Glory of the Theoi". It's worth a listen.)
The two Strifes reminds me of a psychological concept... "a spoonful of anxiety is a good thing. A cupful is disastrous." Stress and anxiety, these are emotions we developed to keep ourselves safe. They serve a purpose, but in excess, can be destructive. There's a Delphic Maxim about moderation in all things, I'm sure. Even if not, well. I'm not a huge fan of Stoicism, but moderation is inherent in the concept of Sophrosyne. And was it not excess --- of battle frenzy, of pride, etc --- that cut down so many heroes?
Line 238 talks of how one man's cruel deeds can spell destruction for the whole city. Zeus does not smile upon a culture that looks the other way where injustice is concerned. We cannot tolerate cruelty. What this means in your particular environment/city/etc, I cannot say. But it is worth ruminating. "How can I show the gods, in a concrete way, that I will not tolerate acts of bitter, unjust cruelty?"
Don't ask me to cite it, but there's a hint of the idea that regularity of prayers and offerings is more important to the gods than the lavishness of the offerings. One who pours a libation of water and prays at dawn and dusk is more loved by the gods than one who offers the grandest statue once every few years. Regular prayer establishes, maintains, and strengthens a relationship. If you only pray at midterms and finals, well, that's okay, but it's asking for favors, not building a personal relationship, in my view.
There's a good heaping scoop of misogyny in "Works and Days" and some unfortunate economic opinions.
But even flawed sources help us understand how the ancients incorporated religion into their daily lives, and that's valuable
On that last point youâre totally right, thatâs exactly what he was saying.
On the topic of moderation: it's is also the main principle of epicurianism. The two "opposite" schools are actually much closer in this matter than most people think. And it makes sense: too much rain and your crops will die, too much sun and your crops will die etc.
I just also wanted to say something about your final words, this isn't criticism, just something I wish more people realized: you're always going to find mysoginy and other questionable societal or economical opinions in ancient works. Always. It's something that anyone interested in ancient cultures need to accept and look at within context. You can't expect someone from 2500 years ago to have similar opinions are yours.
Writing Prayers for the Theoi (or any deity)
Letâs face it, hymns are hard to speak. They can drag and sometimes it just feels good to make something homemade. Additionally, prayers can be tailored to specific needs. This is a short guide to writing your own, by a gal who has spent way too much time making them.
First, youâll want to make out the purpose of your prayer. Is it to praise or honor a deity? To ask for help? For a thing? For our example, letâs say Iâm moving to a big city for college and am afraid of being lost in my new surroundings.
With your idea figured out, youâll then want to decide which deity youâll be praying to. Epithets also become useful here- you donât want to be reaching out to too many deities which you know little about, and in general knowing the many aspects of deities is useful. Letâs say I work with Hermes, and want to ask for his help. One of his epithets is âPompaeusâ- meaning âthe guideâ. Since my concern is being lost, I could possibly use this epithet.Â
Iâll then want to write it. Thereâs no rules to writing prayers, you can do it however you like. Iâll just list a few rules I follow.
Invoke your deity, using their name an epithet, as well as their associations (chief of the gods, son of Maia, etc). Then, state your problem and how it affects you. Ask for their help or guidance, and end the prayer asserting them and thei praises.
If I were to write a final prayer for our test situation, here could be a product:
Dear Hermes Pompaeus,
Son of Maia and Zeus,
The aspect of the guide,
Be my watcher, ensure my safety
As I explore this new world,
As I get used to my new circumstance.
May nothing and nobody hurt me
With minimal worry
And I always arrive on time.
Blessed be, great Hermes,
Of tricksters and of messangers.
My only advice is to experiment! The glory of prayers is that they can be personal and personalized, and Iâd for sure love to see all types and styles of them.
ăŒ Epithets of Dionysus
I have attempted to find a range of epithets to cover most of Dionysusâ aspects; they are also roughly sectioned by meaning. These are by no means all the epithets he has. These are by no means all of his epithets, feel free to send questions about any of his aspects or epithets (on this list or not.)
Dionysus Eleuthereus
The Liberator -Â This epithet may be regarded as equivalent to the Latin Liber, describing Dionysus as the deliverer of man from care and sorrow
Dionysus Luaios
He who frees from anxiety -Â Similarly to the name above, Dionysus is described as the god who frees men from care and anxiety
Dionysus Meilichios
He who can be propitiated - Also translated as âthe graciousâ. Dionysus protects those who propitiate him (those who honour him).
Dionysus Soter
Saviour - Dionysus shares this epithet with Zeus and Helios, he is described as the saviour [of the people in his cult]
ăŒ
Dionysus Oinos
Wine God - Literally meaning âwineâ, Dionysus is often described as being wine itself (as well as being the God of wine).
Dionysus PhlĂȘon
Luxuriant (Foliage) -Â Can also be translated âgiver of plentyâ referring to his agricultural side, describing the god as promoting the fertility of plants and trees.
Dionysus Protygaios
First of the Vintage -Â Vintage meaning âplace wine is madeâ, the first creator of wine.
Dionysus Theoinos
God of Wine - A combination of the word for God âtheoiâ and wine âoinosâ - another epithet describing Dionysusâ wine aspects.
ăŒ
Dionysus Bromios
Noisy (Boisterous) - There are two possibilities for meanings of this title; one being that he was born during a storm of thunder and lightning ie referring to Zeus. The second is that it refers to the noise that Dionysus and his Bacchants make (during their Bacchantic processions).
Dionysus MainolĂȘs
Mad (Raging) - Dionysus is the God of madness, an aspect in which he inflicts on his followers through frenzied dance.Â
Dionysus Nyktelios
Of the Night - Can also be translated ânocturnalâ. The night was Dionysusâ time of day; most of his worship (/Bacchantic processions) were held at night.Â
Dionysus Omadios
The Flesh-Eater - Meaning flesh-eater, sacrifices of raw flesh were made to Dionysus which they believed he then consumed.