Making Networking simpler: Who Owns the internet?
To answer the simple question who owns the internet, the answer is no-one and many. The Internet is a global collection of separate, but interconnected networks, each of which is managed as a single administrative system. There are many such systems all over the world and assigned to a wide variety of companies, educational, non-profit and government organizations. The System networks that form the primary transport for the Internet are independently controlled by Internet Service Providers (ISPs), each with its own business policies, internal network topologies, services, and customer profiles. The Internet only functions because these systems share a standard Internet Protocol (IP) addressing scheme and a routing framework that allows all these networks to interconnect with each other directly or indirectly.
Every local ISP provides transport of Internet traffic on behalf of other ISPs, companies or other non-ISP organizations, and individuals. ISPs are classified into a 3-tier model that categorizes them based on the type of Internet services they provide.
Tier 1: Internet providers are the networks that are the backbone of the Internet. They are sometimes referred to as backbone Internet providers. These ISPs build infrastructure such as the Atlantic Internet sea cables. They provide traffic to all other ISPs, not end users. Tier 1 ISPs own and manage their operating infrastructure, including the routers and other intermediate devices like switches that make up the backbone of the Internet. Some examples of Tier 1 ISPs include AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, NTT, Singtel, PCCW, Telstra, Deutsche Telekom and British Telecom.
A Tier 1 ISP only exchanges Internet traffic with other Tier 1 providers on a non-commercial basis via private settlement-free peering interconnections. They will also interconnect at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). Tier 1 ISPs can deliver the best network throughput over the Internet backbone through these private peering connections because they own their network infrastructure and have direct control over how traffic flows through these connections.
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One easy way to identify a Tier 1 ISP is it requires nothing more than its free and reciprocal peering arrangements,if the ISP has to pay to reach any destination within a particular internet region it is not a Tier 1 ISP in that Internet Region.Â
The transoceanic fiber optic cable between the continents of American and Europe is owned and maintained by Tier 1 ISPs.
Tier 2: Â ISP is a service provider that utilizes a combination of paid transit via Tier 1 ISPs and peering with other Tier 2 ISPs to deliver Internet traffic to end customers through Tier 3 ISPs. Tier 2 ISPs are typically regional or national providers. Only a few Tier 2 ISPs can provide service to customers on more than two continents. Often, they will have slower access speeds than Tier 1 ISPs and are at least one router hop away from the backbone of the Internet.
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Mentioned here is an Internet exchange point (IXP) which is a physical infrastructure allowing Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to exchange Internet traffic. IXPs interconnect networks directly, via the exchange, rather than through one or more third party networks. The primary reasons to implement an IXP are cost, latency, and bandwidth. Traffic passing through an exchange is typically not billed by any party, however the traffic to an ISP's upstream provider is.
This helps deliver better internet traffic all over the world.
Tier 3: ISP is a provider that strictly purchases Internet transit. A Tier 3 provider is by definition primarily engaged in delivering Internet access to end customers. Tier 3 ISPs focus on local business and consumer market conditions. They provide the local access to the Internet for end customers, through cable, DSL, fiber or wireless access networks. Their coverage is limited to specific countries or sub regions, such as a metro area. Tier 3 ISPs utilize and pay higher-tier ISPs for access to the rest of the Internet.
The above image gives a graphical understanding of the way ISPs function in terms of procuring services. Our intention with this series is to enable spaces to create and understand their own network and not take at face value what any IT team recommends. If you wish to get a FREE network survey done do get in touch with us and we will help you create the best network setup for your space. You can follow the whole series here.








