Geek Vizious

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Making sense of the European immigration and benefit claims

The coalition government and some media have been showing their concerns about the rise of immigration from the European Economic Area.

According to them, this migratory wave could jeopardise the British welfare system as some people could come to the UK with the intention of living on benefits and making no contribution to the economy.

A recent study by the University College London showed that recent immigration has contributed a ’34% more in taxes than they received in benefits’.

But, as we were analysing the National Insurance Number (NINo) registrations from Southern European nationals, let’s see what this data says.

The Department of Works and Pensions (DWP) does not keep track of the nationalities of the benefit claimants, but we can know how many people from overseas asked for government support within six months after they got their NINo.

Please, notice that this data is not just for the European immigrants. It includes people from all around the world and shows what is the percentage of new NINo registrations that claimed benefits in the first 6 months.

As you can see in the chart, the percentage of people claiming benefits 6 months after getting their NIN grew since 2007/2008 until 2010/2011, when it started to decrease again.

Nevertheless, these figures are still much lower than at the beginning of the decade, when more than a 12% of the people with a new NINo claimed benefits in the first 6 months.

Europeans on benefits

A FOI request revealed some data about the nationality of benefits claimants.

Even though the DWP does not keep track of this precise information, they know what was the nationality of the claimant when he applied for the National Insurance Number.

The problem with this data is that if that person obtained the British citizenship it would be still counted in this statistic, so we cannot say that these figures are the number of non-British nationals claiming benefits.

Infographics

The chart above shows that the number of people claiming benefits that had an European nationality rose significantly since 2008, particularly because of the EU accession countries.

But the figure of 116.520 benefit claimants is still very low compared to the total population of European nationals living in the UK. According to the Office for National Statistics there were more than 2.3 million EU nationals living in the UK in 2012. So, the percentage of benefit claimants would be less than a 5% of the total population.

Southern Europeans and benefits

Apparently the FOI request did not include this data by nationality, so I will need to send one of my own to get this information.

Nevertheless, there is a report published by the ONS where they list the 20 nationalities at NINo registration with more benefit claimants.

In 2013, only two countries from the South of Europe where included on the list: Portugal, with 12.440 claimants and Italy with 6.290.

I would need to compare this figures with the last few years and the estimated population, so I will wait until I get a response.

If you want to have a look to the data I used you can check this link and if you have more information about this topic, pleas leave a comment.

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Migration from Southern Europe. The NIN allocations visualised

Some of the states with the highest unemployment figures in the EU are in the South. Many workers from these countries are coming to the UK looking for job opportunities thanks to the freedom of movement that exists within the EU. 

The European regulations make quite difficult to keep track of how many people are moving to the UK from Southern Countries.

I have used the figures provided by the Department of Work and Pensions about the National Insurance Number allocations to adult overseas nationals so we can have a broad idea about the evolution of the migration to the UK from Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy. 

As we can see in the graphic above, there is a turning point in the financial year 2009/2010. This is still the very beginning of the economic crisis, so it is reasonable to think that its effects will be notised in the following years.

These are some things I have found analysing the figures:

Between 2009 and 2013 the number of NIN allocations for Spanish nationals grew a 245%. It was the second country with the highest number of allocations in 2013, just after Poland. 

Greece shows the highest growth rate since 2009, reaching a 275%, even though the absolute figures are the lowest. 

Allocations to Portuguese and Italian nationals grew 150% and 128% respectively.

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6 useful Google Fusion border files

Google Fusion Tables is an amazing tool to create interactive maps. It's not that they just look great, but you don't need to write a single line of code to get a very good result.

But sometimes, when you are working with boundaries, it's not easy to find the exact table with the geographic information you need, making your work a little bit tedious. 

So, whenever I find an useful table I save it in my Google Drive, building a modest repository of borders. I found some of them through the experimental table search-engine and the rest of them on Simon Roger's blog. 

I hope you find them useful and, if you have any other boundaries, please comment!

Local authorities in England and Wales

Lower Super Output Areas in England and Wales (post-2011)

Lower Super Output Areas in England (pre-2011)

Middle Super Output Areas in England and Wales 

UK Regions

Birmingham wards (2012)

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The number of people aged over 90 in England and Wales grew by one third since 2002

The number of people aged over 90 grew in England and Wales a 33% in the last 10 years. There are almost 115.000 more senior citizens nowadays than in 2002. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) this growth is even higher for the eldest. In just ten years, the number of people aged over 100 soared a 74%, reaching more than 12,000 citizens in 2012.

The majority of people that lives more than 90 years are women. In fact, in 2012 there were almost four times more females than males aged between 90 and 99. The difference is even bigger for centenarians as only a 14% of all of them are men. Despite of the prevalence of women among people over 90, the proportion has been reduced in the last decades. In 1981 there were 4 women per man in this age group and in 2012 the rate descended to just 2.6.

These figures are not surprising if we consider that the life expectancy has been growing continually for decades. In thirty years it has rose 8 years for men and 6 years for women, slightly reducing the gap between male and female.

GET THE DATA

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I will be back

I know I haven't blogged for a while but I have a good reason. In the last few months I've been busy with the final project for my MA Online Journalism. 

It's an investigation about spending cuts in Birmingham children's services and you can see it in the website Running with Scissors. 

I promise that once I finish it I will be back to Geek Vizious. I just need a few more weeks

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Liveblog from #Reportinghealth event

<a href="http://www.coveritlive.com/mobile.php/option=com_mobile/task=viewaltcast/altcast_code=cf11e6f494" data-mce-href="http://www.coveritlive.com/mobile.php/option=com_mobile/task=viewaltcast/altcast_code=cf11e6f494">GPs in control? Reporting the new health system</a>

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Birmingham Mail has published my first post in their data blog. It's a map of the 600 local eateries that fail to meet basic hygiene ratings.  The data was gathered using the API of the Food Standards Agency and the article an map was made by Paul Bradshaw and myself. 

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Behind the Numbers, a new datablog in Birmingham

© Birmingham Mail

Behind the Numbers is a data blog released as a partnership between Birmingham Mail, Help me Investigate and Birmingham City University.

Probably this is the first regional data blog in the UK and I had the pleasure to contribute from the beginning.

The aim of this project is to “look at the numbers behind Birmingham and the stories in it”, so we will be releasing datasets that support the journalistic work made by professionals from the Mail and the Post. This is a good way to engage with the audience in the way that they can play with the numbers and check which figures are backing the stories.

We also want to provide different ways of visualising the data, so an important part of the blog is going to be about maps, infographics and charts. Thanks to that we can provide a deeper analysis than in the regular articles published by the paper.

If you want more information, have a look to this post by Alastair Reid in Journalism.co.uk where he explains what we are doing.

I hope you enjoy Behind the Numbers!

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How many European migrants are coming to the UK? We are getting there...

Photo by Horia Varlan

Immigration is used as one of the main reasons to support the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. But most of European workers don't need to have a visa to live and have a job here it's not easy to measure the exact amount of new migrants.

In my opinion, the best way to have an approximate idea of how many people is coming every year to the UK from the European Economic Area (EEA) is checking the number of new National Insurance Number registrations. This document is really easy to get if you are from one of this countries, and it is a better measure than the census if you want to count the most recent flows of population.

The Department of Work and Pensions publishes part of this data. Top ten nationalities are available every year so we can get some interesting info, like the undisputed leadership of Poland during the last decade or the huge growth of Spanish migrants from a two years time.

But a lot of states are missing, so I'm not going to use this post to explain the existing data. Instead, I announce that I have sent a FOI request to the DWP asking for all the data for every single country in the European Economic Area. Hopefully they will provide me interesting information to write an article (and maybe make a visualisation) about the flux of Euro-migrants.  

You can follow the evolution of the petition from the website WhatDoTheyKnow?

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How do Brits behave abroad? A quick view to the consular data

Photo by Phil's 1stPix

British Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) regularly publishes reports about what they call “British behaviour abroad” and it is based on the consular assistance enquiries made by tourist and permanent residents overseas.

This data shows some common problems that citizens from the UK can face when they are abroad. Rapes, arrests, hospitalisations or deaths are some of the categories used by consulates to classify the enquiries. Analysing this data we can understand which kind of contingencies are more likely to happen in each country.

I brought together statistics from different years and made a ranking of countries to discover which ones have a higher rate of incidents involving British citizens. You can have a look to the Top 10 in the following table, but you must consider that the FCO only provides information about those states which receive a larger number of brits each year. This means that there is no data for the whole in period in some countries.

TOP 10 countries where these consular assistance enquires are more frequent (2008-2012) | Create infographics

I have also created a bar chart including the total assistance enquiries from 2008 until 2012 to have an overall view of which consulates are busier and what is the evolution of the aggregated figures.

The busiest British consulates | Infographics

Headlines

Greece is the country with the highest rape rate of British citizens.

Since 2008, 84 Brits were raped in the Hellene country. Spain has reached the same number but as they receive a huge number of tourists from the United Kingdom the rate is much lower.

In 2012 there were 35,000 British citizens living in Greece and approximately 1,795,000 tourists visited the Mediterranean country in the same year.

If you want to make a deeper research it would be interesting to compare this data with the local rape rate or analyse the same statistics for other countries.

Thailand and Turkey hold the following two positions in the ranking and, as you can see in the table, the former is one of the countries with more registered incidents.

Philippines is in the TOP 3 of deaths and hospitalisations

As not many British tourists visit this country, there are not figures for every year, but regarding the data we have we can assert that Philippines is the place with the highest death rate. Assuming that, it's reasonable to think that the number of hospitalisations it is also considerable. Philippines is just below Thailand in the percentage of Brits that went to the consulate so ask for assistance to go to a hospital.

According to the FCO, there are “significant numbers of elderly British expats” living in the Philippines, so this is one of the main reasons of deaths and hospitalisations. But it would be interesting in a further research to have a look to crime statistics. Just keep it in mind.

Balcony accidents are very common among British tourists in Spain

This is not something you can see in the numbers, but in the report called “British behaviour abroad 2012” the FCO highlights what they call “balcony incidents” as one of the most common causes of hospitalisation.

This is an interesting piece of information but I would really want to know the exact number of Brits who visit a Spanish hospital because they suffer a “balcony incident”. I should probably send a FOI request in order to make some educational work in the UK to teach potential tourists about the dangers of such an amazing and complex technology: a balcony.

Even though I have not done a proper research about this topic, I am quite sure that this kind of accidents happen because teenage holidaymakers think it is funny to do something that for most of the world is just madness: throwing themselves from balconies to the pool. If you don't believe have a look to this video made by Sky News.

Get the data

Most of this data was in a PDF format, so I had to convert it into a spreadsheet for being able to work with it. If you want to use the numbers to create your own stories, now you can download it from Google Docs

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Data Roundup, December 14

This post was originally published in the School of Data

Photo by Robert Banh

This week we want to use a few lines to talk about tools that you can use in your daily work. The School of Data offers a very useful compilation of online resources including tutorials, books and tools about scraping, data analysis, visualisation, etc.

But if you can’t find what you need, there are more options. Tony Hirst has just published a short post with some links to tools and applications that are useful for visualisations.

For those who want to learn how to manage digital data, there is an online training programme called Mantra that could be very helpful. If you are a ‘maps person’ you might find useful this new tool released by LA Times to convert GIS shapefiles into SVGs.  

But if you are more into statistics don’t miss this FAQ guide about basic data concepts. Are you passionate about code? So visit this compilation of apps used by the National Public Radio.

Inspirational

Sometimes, news about economy are a little bit hard to understand, particularly if they are about big numbers. The Guardian tried to solve this problem using visualisations to explain Autumn statement.

But data is not just about what is happening now. We can use it to understand the future, like David McCandless tries to do it with this infographic about CO2 emissions. But we can also have a look to the past, like this interactive map about London bomb sight during World War II.

And if you are really passionate about a book or a TV show you can also start collecting your own data and make some visualisations like this “statistical look back” at The Walking Dead series or this interactive graph about Game of Thrones (the books).

Good practice

The web is flooded with ‘infographics’ made by PR and marketing agencies that don’t pay much attention to the accuracy of the message.

But, as they have became so popular, many people think they are the original ‘information graphics’. Alberto Cairo is claiming the word infographic back.

If you are really interested in maps, I’m sure you will read this blog post from ProPublica where they explain all the choices and decisions they made to create an interactive map about migrations of african-americans from the countryside to the cities.

And also in ProPublica you can read how they used Creative Commons license to spread their content and how useful it was.

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Data Roundup, December 6

This is post was originally published in the School of Data

Photo by Elkit

This week we have big news. The first courses of the School of Data are already available. If you are new on this, have a look to them. You will see that data is not so scary as it seems. We also bring you some tips about how to design and make more functional your data visualisations.

First, you must keep in mind what Naomi Robins wrote in her blog a few months ago and that was recently republished by datadrivenjournalism.net: consider your message when choosing what chart to use.

But it’s not just about selecting the right kind of visualisation, it’s also important to make it look nice. Tony Hirst wrote about this a few days ago, when he saw the ‘chart equivalent of comic sans’.

And if you are a big fan of radar graphs, maybe you should have a look to this post by Alberto Cairo and read why he thinks you should avoid them 99.9% (he just used them twice in his whole career)

Open data

French organisation Regards Citoyens published in the OKFN blog a post about the revision of the Public Sector Information Directive in the European Parliament. Probably it will include some of the demands made by the open data movement, but the French group is asking citizens all around the EU to contact their MEP to make sure that the public sector starts using open formats.

But there are some countries in Europe without a Freedom of Information Act. For example, Spain, where the open data group Tu Derecho a Saber has released a report about transparency. According to their figures, 86% of the times that a citizen ask for information, he or she doesn’t receive a satisfactory answer.

And in the other side of the Atlantic, also in a Spanish-speaking country, they also have the same problem. In Argentina there isn’t a Freedom of Information Act, and from the newspaper La Nación they recommend more activism to make more pressure on the government.

If you want to contribute to the open data movement, the OKFN needs your help. You can make a donation or become a regular supporter.

Inspirational

There are pieces of work that can amaze data supporters and readers in general. Like this map made by LA Times using CartoDB. They show the response time of the fire department in the whole city.

And if you like to use data to analyze everything that your government does, have a look to this to projects made by The Guardian. In the first one they explain with numbers how the British work programme failed and in the second they visualise government spending by department.

But data is not just about ‘hard news’. If you want to relax and play some music, you can also entertain yourself diving into 50 years of concerts of the Rolling Stones. Mapped!

Events

If you are going to be in the United States this week, remember that The New York Times is hosting a HackDay the 8th of December.

And talking about Americans, T. Miller from ProPublica is going to be in Vienna next February giving a basic training in data journalism.

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Visualising Catalan election: an alternative to Vilaweb's map

Last week Catalonia, a Spanish autonomous community, celebrated their general elections in the middle of a strong debate about independence.

Parliament is divided between political parties that support a self-determination referendum and those who are against the plebiscite.

An online Catalan newspaper called Vilaweb made a map to visualise the strength of pro-referendum parties, that received almost 60% of people's vote. This is how it looks like.

As we can see, the map is divided by local authority and uses two tonalities of orange to represent who holds the majority in each council: pro-referendum or unionists. If you drag your cursor over the different boundaries, you can read more details about the distribution of the vote.

I'm sure that Vilaweb's team made a big effort to create this visualisation. It's fully developed by themselves and it was updated on real time during the vote recount. But, in my opinion, it was a completely failure from the point of view of functionality.

Ask the right question

When I first saw this map I asked myself 'what are they trying to tell me?'. Do they want to highlight that Catalans vote nationalist parties? Well, we already knew that. They have held the majority for decades and you don't need to spend hours writing code to create an interactive map to say this.

So, maybe they want to show where the pro-referendum organisations are stronger. Not really, because they only use one tonality of orange to show which bloc is the most voted in each council.

I think that the biggest mistake that Vilaweb designers made was not to ask the right question from the beginning. It seems that they knew they wanted a map but not the reason why.

To me, the right question would be 'where the pro-referendum parties are stronger?'. And if you choose to visualise this, you will need to use more than just two colours.

Let's remember what Ben Fry wrote about the importance of questions (bold is mine) :

“One of the most important (and least technical) skills in understanding data is asking good questions. An appropriate question shares an interest you have in the data, tries to convey it to others, and is curiosity-oriented rather than math-oriented. Visualizing data is just like any other type of communication: success is defined by your audience’s ability to pick up on, and be excited about, your insight.”

From his book Visualizing Data (2007)

Interaction should be easy

I don't think this is a functional map. Let's do a short test: try to find Barcelona. Did you get there? Well, maybe that means that you know a little bit about Catalan geography, so let's make it a little bit more difficult. Try to find Tírvia. Complicated, isn't it?

It's reasonable to think that most of your readers will not be able to situate on a map every single local authority in Catalonia (there are almost 950). So, why don't you help them creating a simple search box?

When you are designing a visualisation you need to think in how your audience would interact with it. The average reader is not going to search in Google Maps where a certain council is and then go back to your application to get the data. You need to make the user's life easier.

My proposal based on Google Fusion Tables

I want to show you how would I visualise this data using free tools and without writing any code. Obviously it would look better with the contribution of a developer, but I think that even though it is not the most beautiful design, it is more useful and clearer than Vilaweb's map.

I've used Google Fusion Tables to generate a map. Sadly, Tumblr is not the best place to embed it, so you will need to click here to see it. Red means more pro-referendum vote and blue more support to the unionist bloc. It's also interactive so, if you click in a council, more information will be displayed.

These are the main improvements I made:

Using several colours to show the different percentages of support of the different blocs.

Creating a search box so you can look for the council you would like to display.

Giving information about percentages and not just about number of votes.

Do you agree with my critics and my solution? Comment and join the conversation!

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Data Roundup, November 28

This post was originally published on the OKFN School of Data

Photo by chsh/ii

TOOLS, COURSES AND EVENTS

Datawrapper 1.0 is an open source tool to create graphs and charts easily that has just been released. During the last months it has been working as a beta version. It’s designed by Mirko Lorenz and it allows you to create embeddable data visualisations in a very simple way.

The OKFN has created a new chapter in France as a way of relate local initiatives with the international open knowledge community. You can follow the French group on Twitter.

If you are interested in data visualisation, Alberto Cairo is organizing the second edition of a free course called ‘introduction to infographics and data visualisation’, hosted by the Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas at the University of Texas. For the first edition more than 2000 people enrolled in just a few days. This time there will be more vacancies but more than 1100 students joined the course so far.

Next 1st and 2nd of December, 8 Latin American countries will celebrate an international hackathon called ‘Desarrollando América Latina’ (Developing Latin America). The aim of this event is to develop apps to ‘solve cross curricular social problems’ of the region. It will take place in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, México, Perú, and Uruguay.

News:Rewired is a must-go event in the UK. This conference hosted by Journalism.co.uk tackles the most important challenges of digital communication each year, and that includes data.

DATA STORIES

Data can measure (almost) everything, even happiness. The ONS has launched a report about the well-being in the UK and they even designed a wheel to interact with the data.

And even though we don’t know if happiness is just about the money, The Guardian Datablog made the wages map of Britain

Emil Johansson also likes maps, but he prefers the Middle Earth instead of Great Britain. This Swedish student is the author of the Lord of the Rings Project, a data driven work about Tolkien’s universe. It was launched a few months ago, but it has became so successful that his owner had to ask for money to buy a bigger host. He collected more than 700 dollars in just 3 days.

BIG DATA

Earlier this month Margaret Hodge, chair of the Public Accounts Committee, stated that data should play an important role in government decisions but that there were some coordination problems that prevented this to happen. This week, public sector took a big step towards the use of big data with the announce of a new code of practice to protect privacy in government datasets.

And on the other side of the Atlantic, O’Reilly’s data blog Strata talks about how the public sector efficiency could be improve with the right use of big data.

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Registration open for data visualisation course led by Alberto Cairo

Today I enrolled myself in the second edition of a course called 'Introduction to Infographics and Data visualisation'.

It's organized by the Knight Center at the University of Texas and it is leaded by my fellow-countryman Alberto Cairo, a very influential infographic designer. 

More than 2000 people participated in the first edition of the course, that started a few weeks ago. Due to the huge success, those who missed it at first have another chance to attend. 

The course will start on January 12th and it will last 6 weeks. During this time, Cairo will try to explain us the basics of data visualisation from a journalistic point of view. A good thing is that you don't need to have any design knowledge, even though it won't be a problem if you manage some tools. 

If you want to enroll, you have to sign up here and follow the instructions. Luckily, it's completely free.

I'm pretty excited about this course. I will use this blog to upload my work and impressions. 

Introduction to Infographics and Data Visualization from Knight Center on Vimeo.

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I have done this infographic about drug consumption in the UK based on data collected by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. If you want to have a look to a more refined spreadsheet you can look to the Dataset

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5 data visualization webs you can't miss

We are in the age of data and more and more people around the world are trying to visualize it. This is my compilation of 5 interesting webs about infographics and data visualization that you should visit.

Datavisualization.ch

This website is published by a Swiss studio called Interactive Things. The blog is not updated regularly but when they do it's for publishing really unique pieces.

But the most interesting thing about this site is their fantastic compilation of tools to create maps, charts and other ways of visualizing your data.

I strongly recommend spend some time playing with them because you can make really cool stuff even without coding.

Photo by get down

Visual.ly

I really love this one. Firstly, I think that the design of the website is very neat, trendy and well organized. It might be surprising but I've seen some blogs about data visualization that look awful.

Secondly, Visual.ly is not just a website about infographics, it's also a community. You can upload your own designs, comment on other people's projects and even contact employers at the “Marketplace”

This is a huge project that has already raised $2 Million from different investors and partnered up with media companies like CNNMoney or The Wall Street Journal to provide infographics and data visualizations solutions.

Information is Beautiful

This blog is published by David McCandless, a british data journalist and information designer with a lot of experience in the media and that makes very inspirational visualizations.

If you need ideas visit this site and look what he is doing! It's not plagiarism, everything is a remix!

Visualizing.org

One of my favorites. Like visual.ly, this site is a community. You can upload your designs, contact with other people and explore what others are doing.

But what it makes the difference is that they also organize challenges. If a new and juicy dataset is released, they will organize a contest to find the best way of visualize it. Have a look to the dataset about education they propose to work with!

Information Aesthetics

This blog is really good to see what others are doing. It is published by  Andrew Vande Moere, an associate professor at KU Leuven university in Belgium and it's not about proper infographics but real data visualization and creative design.

These are my choices. What are yours?