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Duties of the Departmental Educational Council

The departmental educational council plays a very important role in Bulgaria’s education system. The Law on Public Instruction defines its duties as follows:

Uniform Application of Laws – The council ensures that educational laws and regulations are applied consistently across the entire department.

Resolving Disputes – It examines and resolves disputes that may arise between educational committees, parish councils, and teachers.

Reviewing Teacher Discipline – The council reviews disciplinary actions taken against teachers to ensure fairness.

Punishment for Violations – It punishes parents or teachers who break rules regarding mandatory attendance in primary schools.

Opening New Schools – The council considers proposals for new schools and examines other matters affecting education in the department.

All decisions made by the departmental educational councils are submitted to the Minister of Public Instruction. The Minister has the power to approve, annul, or modify these decisions to ensure consistency with national education policies Customized Tours Istanbul.

Role of Educational Committees

The educational committees are among the earliest autonomous Bulgarian institutions. They first appeared during the Turkish domination and grew in importance despite the persecutions faced by Bulgarians.

These committees acted as representative organs of the Bulgarian nation and contributed significantly to:

The intellectual and moral awakening of the Bulgarian people

The foundation of an independent Bulgarian Church

The organization of the first Bulgarian schools

By the time Bulgaria gained political independence, the country had numerous schools, trained teachers, and educated citizens, which were largely the result of the work of these committees.

Because of their key role in the national revival, educational committees became a traditional institution in Bulgaria. They have been maintained by various education laws and continue to form a vital part of the country’s educational system today.

Significance

The departmental educational councils and educational committees together form the backbone of Bulgaria’s education administration. They ensure that schools operate properly, laws are followed, teachers are guided and trained, and students receive a consistent and high-quality education. Their existence reflects Bulgaria’s long-standing commitment to education as a national priority.

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Voting Process

Voting in Bulgaria is done by secret ballot to protect the privacy of each elector. The ballot-box is locked with three keys: one key remains with the president of the returning bureau, and the other two with the members of the bureau.

Before voting, the elector must show his electoral card, which is checked against the electoral list. The vote, which must be folded in four, is handed to the president, who places it in the ballot-box without opening it.

Role of the Returning Bureau President

The president of the returning bureau has full authority over the police and army forces in the electoral district to maintain order during the polling. Voting takes place from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.

After the polling ends, the president appoints two electors to help verify the results. Candidates and their agents are allowed to observe this process.

Verification of Votes

First, the electoral cards are counted and compared with the marginal notes on the electoral lists. If there is a discrepancy, the electoral lists take priority, and the incident is recorded.

Next, the ballot-box is opened. Votes that are not properly filled are not counted, but they are included in the official records.

The result of the counting is written in a special report, signed by the members of the returning bureau, the verifiers, and the candidates or their agents. This ensures transparency and accountability Istanbul Day Tours.

Reporting and Proclamation of Results

Two copies of the report are made:

First copy – sent to the president of the District Court, along with all ballots, electoral lists, and cards, sealed by the municipality.

Second copy – sent to the sub-prefect.

The District Court, without opening the parcel of ballots, checks the majority required and proclaims the candidates who received the highest number of votes as the deputies.

This system ensures that elections are fair, transparent, and carefully monitored, giving confidence to both electors and candidates in the democratic process.

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The Reign of John and Peter Assen

A Golden Age

The reign of John and Peter Assen marked a brilliant period in Bulgarian history. Art and literature flourished as never before, and commerce developed greatly. Bulgaria once again became a respected and feared power abroad. The country enjoyed stability and prosperity while the Assen dynasty ruled, and the empire regained its strength and influence in the Balkans.

Decline of the Assen Dynasty

Unfortunately, this period of glory did not last. The Assen dynasty ended in 1237, and Bulgaria fell into the hands of usurpers. Once more, the country became divided, and several leaders, including Roman, George Terter, and Michael Shishman, tried to restore dynasties and protect Bulgaria. Despite their efforts, they failed to maintain unity City Tours Istanbul.

During this time, neighboring powers threatened Bulgaria from all sides. The Serbs attacked from the west, the Magyars from the north, and the Turks, already settled in the south of the peninsula, began to expand their control.

Ottoman Conquest

Bulgaria’s political independence ended as a result of the famous and tragic Battle of Kossovo in 1393. After this defeat, Bulgaria became a province of the Ottoman Empire. Soon afterward, the Bulgarian Church lost its autonomy and became subject to the Phanar in Constantinople, which controlled spiritual matters.

Life under Ottoman Rule

Under Ottoman rule, Bulgarians, like all other Christian peoples in the Balkans, lived under political and religious subjugation. Europe, preoccupied with its own wars, remained mostly ignorant of the suffering of the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. The domination was not only political but also cultural and spiritual, affecting every aspect of life.

Despite centuries of foreign rule, the Bulgarian people preserved their language, faith, and traditions, keeping alive the hope of eventual freedom. The Ottoman period, though harsh, is a crucial chapter in Bulgarian history, showing the resilience and endurance of the nation.

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The Inscriptions of Emperor Theophilus

A Prayer of Dedication

One of the most remarkable features of the seaward walls of Constantinople is the number of inscriptions left by Emperor Theophilus (829–842). These words were more than mere records; they were prayers and declarations of faith. A dedication reads:

“Possessing Thee, O Christ, a Wall that cannot be broken, Theophilus, King and pious Emperor, erected this wall upon new foundations: which wall, Lord of All, guard with Thy might, and display to the end of time standing unshaken and unmoved.”

This inscription is both a spiritual dedication and a symbolic prayer. It reveals how the emperor saw himself not only as a builder and protector of the city but also as a servant of Christ, entrusting his work to divine protection.

Towers South of Deirmen Kapoussi

On the first tower south of Deirmen Kapoussi (today known as Yenikapı), an inscription reads:

“Tower of Theophilus, faithful and great King and Emperor in Christ.”

Above this dedication is a marble slab carved with a cross and the well-known Byzantine battle cry: “Jesus Christ conquers” (IC XC NIKA). This phrase appeared often on coins, banners, and walls, reminding both citizens and enemies of the empire’s faith in divine protection Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

On the second tower south of the gate, another inscription repeats the same theme:

“Tower of Theophilus, Emperor in Christ.”

Similar, though fragmentary, inscriptions are still visible on the third, sixth, seventh, and ninth towers south of Deirmen Kapoussi. These repeated dedications emphasize how determined Theophilus was to leave his name and faith marked across the city’s defenses.

Lost Inscriptions Recorded by Historians

Some inscriptions have disappeared with time, but their texts survive thanks to historians like Von Hammer, who recorded them in his work Constantinopolis und der Bosporus. His notes preserve the memory of several vanished inscriptions, including those found on the Gate of St. Barbara (Top Kapoussi).

That gate once bore the proud words:

“Theophilus … having renovated the city.”

This dedication was repeated on the adjoining wall, showing that the emperor wanted all who entered to know who had strengthened the defenses.

The Towers of Top Kapoussi

The two towers flanking the Gate of St. Barbara also carried the standard inscription marking Theophilus’s contribution:

“Tower of Theophilus, Emperor in Christ.”

These dedications not only celebrated his building efforts but also tied the strength of the walls directly to his authority and piety.

Inscriptions near the Seven Towers

According to Von Hammer, similar inscriptions were also found near the Seven Towers (Yedikule), one of the city’s later fortresses. Another inscription honored both Theophilus and his young son, Michael III, who had been appointed as co-emperor while still a child. This shows how the inscriptions were also used to highlight the continuity of the dynasty, linking the father’s achievements with the son’s future rule.

The Lasting Legacy of Theophilus

The numerous inscriptions of Theophilus form a unique chapter in Byzantine history. No other emperor left his name inscribed on the city’s walls so frequently. These words were more than stone carvings; they were symbols of imperial pride, Christian faith, and the determination to protect Constantinople. Even in their ruined state, the remains of these inscriptions remind us of an emperor who rebuilt the city’s defenses with devotion, expense, and vision, ensuring their endurance until the final days of the Byzantine Empire.

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Metkovic Bosnia's Unhealthy Port

Metkovic, the port of Bosnia on the Mediterranean, is located on a piece of land created by the silt of the Narenta River, about 12 miles from where the river meets the sea. It has a bad reputation for being one of the most unhealthy ports on the Adriatic. The land around the city is swampy, and it is believed that poisonous gases rise from the ground at night, especially when the sun goes down.

Metkovic is a modern commercial city with a population of around 4,000 people, mostly Italians, Greeks, and Jews, and it resembles an Italian town in appearance. The main industries in Metkovic are fishing and shipping Sightseeing Sofia.

As the trade in Bosnia grows, Metkovic is expected to become a more important port. However, malaria and mosquitoes make it a place people try to avoid. The trains from Sarajevo are scheduled to connect quickly with the steamers, allowing passengers to pass through Metkovic as quickly as possible, almost as if it were a disease-ridden area. Despite this, Metkovic is not as bad as Colon (a port in Panama), and in fact, the buildings in Metkovic are made of stone or brick, with thick walls, solid floors, and tiled roofs, while Colon is mainly made up of bamboo huts and wooden houses.

Metkovic is about 14 miles away from saltwater. To improve the port, a canal is being dug through the delta area, which is flat and wide, allowing large steamers to dock directly, instead of using smaller boats for cargo. The land around the port is very fertile because it is made up of soil washed down from the mountains. However, due to the unhealthy atmosphere, few people try to farm here. Although there have been efforts to drain the marshland, the costs are too high. I have seen similar tropical plants in places like Yucatan, Cuba, and the Amazon, but nothing compares to the plants found here.

Salona and Spalato Historic Roman Sites

The most interesting places along the eastern coast of the Adriatic are Spalato and Salona, which are home to the best-preserved and most extensive Roman ruins in the region. Many centuries before the birth of Christ, Salona was a large and wealthy city, known for its advanced culture, similar to that of Rome. The people of Salona were rich and had a strong artistic sense. They enjoyed luxury and competition in their lifestyles, which can be seen in the ruins of their palaces, baths, and amusement areas.

The area around Salona, stretching for 50 miles, is full of fascinating sites for archaeologists and historians. One of the most famous attractions is the palace of Diocletian, located in Salona, which is considered one of the best-preserved examples of Roman architecture from its period. This site is of great interest to artists and architects because of its historical significance and impressive design.

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The Mysterious Publications

The police were unable to determine the source of the mysterious publications. However, many people believed that the letters had been given by Stavreff to his loyal friends to use for his protection in case of emergency. It seems that the letters served their purpose, as Stavreff has not been executed yet, although he remains in solitary confinement under a death sentence.

Ferdinand’s Controversial Decision

In 1900, Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria was involved in an action that caused strong reactions from Catholic countries and the rest of the world. This event followed his marriage to Marie Louise of Orleans. Ferdinand made a vow that his children would be baptized and educated in the Roman Catholic Church, which was a condition set by his wife’s family. Ferdinand himself is a Roman Catholic by birth and baptism. He has even built a chapel in his palace, has a Catholic chaplain, and attends mass every morning at 7 a.m. He also makes it a point to attend mass during his yearly visits to an Austrian spa, showing his consistent commitment to his faith Private Tour Guide Ephesus.

The Changing of Faith for His Son

However, shortly after the death of his wife, Marie Louise, in 1899, Ferdinand made a surprising decision. He placed his eldest son, Crown Prince Boris, who was only five years old, under the care of a Russian priest from the Greek Church. The priest secretly baptized Boris and began educating him in the Greek Orthodox faith. This action was believed to have been suggested by Russia, but many people doubt that the Czar approved of it. In fact, leaders from several Catholic nations, including the Emperor of Austria, the King of Italy, and the German Emperor, publicly condemned Ferdinand’s decision.

The Other Children’s Education

While the Crown Prince was raised in the Greek Orthodox faith, the other children of Prince Ferdinand were brought up in the Roman Catholic faith, as initially promised by Ferdinand and his wife.

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The Dimensions and Boundaries of Constantine’s City

The length of the original city of Constantine was measured from the Porta Aurea in the west to the sea in the east. However, there is a disagreement about which gate was referred to as the Porta Aurea. Despite this, we can be sure that the eastern end of the city’s measurement was at the head of the promontory. This location marked the full length of the city.

Measuring the Length of the City

If we start at the head of the promontory and measure 14,075 Roman feet westwards, we will find that this brings us to the Cisterns of Mokius and Aspar. This matches the measurements given by Zosimus. Therefore, this confirms that the head of the promontory is the correct starting point for the city’s length.

Measuring the Width of the City

Next, we look at the width of the city. A line of 6,150 Roman feet from sea to sea will stretch across a specific part of the promontory. This area lies between the Daoud Pasha Kapoussi district near the Sea of Marmora in the south, and the Stamboul side of the inner bridge in the north. Other parts of the promontory are either narrower or broader. Thus, the southern and northern ends of Constantine’s city wall marked the limits of the city as described Sofia Guided Tours.

The Landmarks Along Constantine’s Wall

Byzantine writers give us details about the locations and structures along Constantine’s wall:

On the Sea of Marmora side, the wall extended as far west as the Gate of St. Emilianus (now Daoud Pasha Kapoussi) and the church of St. Mary Rhabdou. This gate is near Vlanga Bostan.

When the wall crossed from the Sea of Marmora to the Golden Horn, it passed over the Seventh, Fourth, and Fifth Hills. Along this path, the fortifications passed by several important landmarks:

The Exokionion (an ancient gate)

The Monastery of St. Dius

The Convent of Icasia

The Cistern of Bonus

The Church of SS. Manuel, Sabel, and Ishmael

The Zeugma (Ferry) of St. Antony in the district of Harmatius, near the harbour

Other important sites along the wall included the Trojan Porticoes and the Cistern of Aspar.

The Boundaries of the City

From the measurements and landmarks described by ancient writers, we can conclude that the city of Constantine had clearly defined boundaries, marked by gates, churches, monasteries, and other significant structures. These structures not only served as defensive elements but also reflected the growth and development of the city during Constantine’s reign.

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Residence Oborishte

Location: G-8, ul. Oborishte 63 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Residence Oborishte is a very comfortable and relaxing place to stay. The hotel mostly offers two-room apartments that are warm and inviting. Rich colors are used throughout the rooms, creating a cozy and pleasant atmosphere. One of the highlights is the “Just Married” apartment, which features a large bathtub next to a wide double bed — it almost makes you want to rush to the registry office!

The hotel has a friendly, “make yourself at home” feeling, making guests feel very welcome. It is a good choice for travelers who want a peaceful place with a home-like atmosphere.

SkyWay Hotel

Location: H-8, bul. Simeonovsko Shose 166A Contact: Tel: [phone]

SkyWay is a brand-new hotel located in the middle-class neighborhood of Simeonovo, near Mount Vitosha. The building was recently renovated and offers a modern look combined with ethnic-style garden furniture and many houseplants. The hotel’s social areas are bright and welcoming Bulgaria Trips.

Rooms at SkyWay are decorated with bold colors and are almost big enough to play a round of golf inside! Guests can enjoy a cozy restaurant on site and use the business center with free internet and computers. The airport is easy to reach, and the city center is about a 15-minute taxi ride away.

Sofia Plaza Hotel

Location: F-7, bul. Hristo Botev 154 Contact: Tel: [phone]

Sofia Plaza is a comfortable, mid-priced hotel near Sofia’s main railway station. It is a tall, narrow building, but the rooms are cozy rather than cramped. The rooms feature blue carpets and peach-colored furniture, with TV, minibar, and enough desk space for a laptop.

Apartments include kitchenettes and extra fold-down beds, making them ideal for families or longer stays.

Sofia Princess Hotel

Location: F-7, bul. Maria Luiza 131 Contact: Tel: [phone]

If you like big hotels, Sofia Princess is the place for you. It is the largest hotel in Sofia and also has the biggest casino in the Balkans. The hotel is perfect if you want to enjoy a luxurious and lively atmosphere.

The rooms are decorated in rich red colors with tasseled curtains and fluffy cushions, giving them a very elegant and comfortable feel.

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Third Letter The Carnegie Report on the State of Macedonia and the Conduct of the Bulgarians

During the War

Misrepresentation of Bulgaria

During the period when Bulgaria was isolated, there was a campaign of false information spread about the country. This hurt Bulgaria a lot. However, the Carnegie Commission later examined the situation in detail and presented a fair and thorough report.

The War of Liberation

The war of liberation, or the war against Turkey, was a conflict to free a Christian population from the Turkish rule. This rule had lasted for five centuries and had made life in the Balkans full of rebellion, repression, and massacres Turkey Sightseeing.

The Carnegie Commission explained:

The defeat of the Turkish armies was more than just a political change. It symbolized a change in power, reversing the relationship between the conquerors and the people they ruled.

It promised a social revolution for the Balkan people.

Conditions in Macedonia

In Macedonia, the Bulgarian army wasn’t very large, but it moved quickly south towards Thessalonica (a city in Greece). Because the army was so focused on advancing, they didn’t leave enough soldiers behind to maintain order.

Due to this, during the early weeks of the war, the Muslim population in some areas suffered from vengeful attacks and chaos. The Carnegie Commission noted that:

In many areas, Christian villagers burned down Muslim villages.

The Muslim villages weren’t just harmed in areas controlled by the Bulgarian army; even in the areas occupied by the Serbs and Greeks, there were major attacks.

According to the British Macedonian Relief Fund, about 80% of Muslim villages in the Monastir province were destroyed by fire.

Refugees and Suffering

Cities like Salonica, Monastir, and Uskub became crowded with thousands of homeless Muslim refugees, many of whom were starving.

Many of these refugees ended up moving to Asia, trying to escape the destruction and hardship they had experienced.

The Carnegie Report provides a detailed and balanced view of the suffering and violence that occurred during the Balkan wars. While the Bulgarian army aimed to free the people from Turkish rule, the consequences for the Muslim population were severe, and many villages were destroyed. The refugee crisis that followed added to the hardship and displacement of the people in the region.

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Impact of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising on Bulgaria

The 1956 Hungarian Uprising had a significant impact on Bulgarian society, as it sparked fear within the communist government. The uprising, where Hungarian citizens rebelled against Soviet control, sent a powerful message of resistance. In response, the Bulgarian political secret police (State Security) took immediate action to prevent any similar uprising in Bulgaria.

Crackdown on Dissidents

Following the events in Hungary, the Bulgarian government began a series of preventive arrests. These arrests targeted those considered a threat to the regime, including the intelligentsia (educated elites), students, and other individuals. The authorities were particularly worried about any signs of rebellion or discontent within the population Personal Istanbul Tours.

State Security reports indicate that anti-Soviet leaflets supporting the Hungarian uprising began to appear in schools across Bulgaria. These leaflets were found in high schools and colleges in both rural areas and cities. Some of the locations where these leaflets were discovered include:

Villages like Bregovo, Belimel, Ruzhintsi, and Vladimirovo.

Cities like Teteven, Nikopol, Straldzha, Varna, Vidin, and Yambol.

Prestigious schools such as Sofia’s 32nd High School, Pleven’s High School of Economics, and Pernik’s Technical Mining School.

These leaflets expressed support for the Hungarian uprising and showed growing discontent with Soviet influence in Bulgaria. They also included demands for fewer compulsory Russian language lessons in schools and the cancellation of celebrations for the Soviet October Revolution Day, which many Bulgarians felt glorified Soviet power over their own culture.

Student Protests and Expulsions

In addition to the leaflets, many students took part in protests, demanding changes in their education system and expressing their dissatisfaction with Soviet influence. Students from various universities and colleges, including the Higher Institute for Theatrical Art in Sofia, the Faculty of Philosophy at Sofia University, the Higher Engineering Institute in Plovdiv, and the Higher Institute of Economics in Varna, joined the movement. These protests, inspired by the Hungarian uprising, led to increased fear in the government that a similar revolution could happen in Bulgaria.

Repression and Expulsions

As a result of these protests and activities, the Bulgarian government cracked down on perceived dissidents. On the morning of 5 November 1956, 372 citizens were arrested, most of whom were sent to the Belene labor camp. The list of individuals to be arrested was drawn up by the authorities, and it included people considered to be a threat to the communist regime.

In addition to the arrests, many individuals and entire families who were suspected of not supporting the regime were banished from towns and cities. These people were relocated to more remote areas in the country. For example, 384 families were expelled from Sofia and sent to labor camps or isolated areas. This was part of a larger effort to suppress any opposition to the government and to prevent the spread of anti-Soviet sentiments.

Expulsion of Students

The government also targeted students, expelling over 500 students from various institutions. These students were believed to have been involved in protests or demonstrations that echoed the actions of their Hungarian counterparts. This expulsion of students was meant to send a strong message to anyone who might consider standing up against the regime in the future.

The 1956 Hungarian Uprising served as a wake-up call for the Bulgarian government, leading to a harsh crackdown on anyone who might have been influenced by the events in Hungary. The government used arrests, expulsions, and forced relocations to eliminate potential threats. The uprising highlighted the growing dissatisfaction with Soviet control and showed that many Bulgarians were willing to take risks in the fight for their rights and freedoms, even though these efforts were met with severe repression.

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Prostitution in Ancient Rome

In Ancient Rome, prostitutes were called meretrix, meaning “earning with the body”. They were divided into different categories based on their status.

The lowest class of prostitutes worked in small, dirty, narrow lodges on the streets. These lodges, called lupanar (meaning “female wolf caves”), were disgusting and smelled bad. The name came from the idea of a wolf (Iupa) hunting and bringing its prey to the lupanar.

Although prostitutes were often treated badly and isolated from society, they were also seen as protectors of families. They helped prevent attacks on married women or young girls by men. However, they were still looked down upon, isolated, and sometimes locked up. They had to appear like respectable wives and were only allowed to serve honorable men. Prostitutes were not allowed to build families or have children. To make them easily recognizable, they had to wear special clothes Coastal Bulgaria Holidays.

Prostitution was important for Roman men because a man’s sexual life was closely connected to ensuring his family’s legacy and passing down his wealth. While women tried various methods to avoid pregnancy, it was essential for a man to have at least two children, one of whom had to be a boy, to continue his family’s fortune. After having children, men often preferred to meet their sexual needs with prostitutes or other men. Therefore, prostitution was a common and widely accepted practice in Ancient Rome.

The Ottoman Sultan’s Love for Arts

The Ottoman Sultan had a deep interest in the beautiful arts like illumination, Islamic calligraphy, music, painting, and wood carving. This passion was so strong that it greatly influenced both the practice and application of these arts.

As a prince, Yavuz Sultan Selim learned the art of jewelry in Trabzon and even carved coins in the name of his father, Sultan Beyazid II. Kanuni Sultan Suleyman also studied jewelry and, according to historian Evliya Çelebi, he was the first to organize a jewelry fair in the Kağıthane district.

Some of the finest examples of Ottoman jewelry, such as the emerald dagger, Kaşıkçı diamond, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman’s ivory mirror, golden cradle, and ceremonial throne, are displayed at the Topkapi Palace.

Today, Turkish jewelry holds an important place in the world, ranking second in exports and leading in production.

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Albanian Society and Unity

The Albanians can be compared to the Scots. In the northern highlands, they live in clans, while in the more fertile southern lowlands, the clan system is not present. Despite differences, like the Scots in the past, Albanians share one common bond—hatred of the Slavs.

Because of their fierce passion for fighting, other nations have feared them. This has left the Albanians mostly to themselves. The lack of roads, difficult mountain passes, and tribal rivalries have made each region isolated and self-sufficient.

A Fierce Sense of Honour

The Albanians have a strong sense of honour. A woman can travel safely in Albania because she is seen as weak, but an Albanian man would not hesitate to shoot someone for a small insult, just as he would shoot a dog that barked at him. There is a sense of deep independence Istanbul Day Tour.

Albanian Beliefs and Customs

The Albanian has no art, literature, or national politics. He doesn’t think of himself as an Albanian separate from other races, but his honour is the most important thing to him. His honour includes many things:

He is not a thief, though he is allowed to take the belongings of the man he kills.

He will never rob a man who is unarmed. To him, that would be dishonourable.

He will not harm a woman. By tradition, he is allowed to shoot any man who interferes with his women, so he keeps his hands and eyes off other men’s women.

It is not fear of punishment that keeps him moral. The Albanian is not afraid of bullets, but his honour makes him respect the vulnerability of women, as they cannot fight back.

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The Sultan's Challenges

The Sultan, Abdul Hamid, has never really had the chance to judge the political situation fairly. When he talks with foreign Ambassadors, it often feels like a constant struggle between opposing forces. The Sultan is very smart and cautious, but he has not received broad education or intellectual training. Since he was young, he has been surrounded by slaves and eunuchs. The government is filled with hidden groups, and the Sultan prefers to appoint strong ministers. A strong minister may fall from power, not because the Sultan is afraid of him, but because Turkish politics is so complicated that rivals quickly find evidence of any secret plots. In the East, it is believed that every person acts out of self-interest, and you can’t argue against this view because it is deeply rooted in the culture.

Two Sides of Turkey

When talking about Turkey, we often make generalizations that are misleading. There are actually two Turkeys: one is the government, and the other is the people. We don’t know much about Turkey as a country, but we tend to form opinions based on the corruption in the government. While corruption is widespread and severe, it is important to remember that the problem lies in the system of government. Turkish administration today runs on corruption as its main driving force. This corruption isn’t hidden or something people are ashamed of; it’s a normal part of the system. For example, if someone pays a high official £5,000 for a position that only pays £500, both the official and the person receiving the post understand that the money will be regained by taking money from others. This is open corruption, where taxes are never fully used for their intended purposes, and people are crushed under heavy costs Central Synagogue.

The Difficulty of Change

Although this system is wrong, it has been in place for so long that it’s hard for Turks to imagine doing things any other way. I remember talking with a high-ranking Turkish official who had traveled widely and seen how things work in other countries.

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Extracting Attar from Rose-Water

Second Distillation Process

To get the pure attar from rose-water, a second distillation is needed. From 40 liters of rose-water, about 5 liters of liquid is distilled. During this process, the attar forms as a yellow, oily layer about 2 to 4 millimeters thick on top of the rose-water. This oily layer is carefully skimmed off using a small bowl shaped like an upside-down cone. The bowl has a small hole at the bottom to allow the heavier water to pass through, leaving the attar behind.

Adulteration of Attar

Mixing with Other Oils

One common way to adulterate attar of rose is by mixing it with attar of geranium, which comes from the Indian geranium or Palma rosa. This problem is not limited to Constantinople (Istanbul), where, in fact, no pure attar of rose is exported. In Bulgaria, some growers even mix it themselves. Since 1888, the Bulgarian government has tried to stop this practice by banning the import of geranium attar. However, it is still available illegally. Often, the attar is sent to Constantinople where it is freely mixed Coastal Bulgaria Tours.

Another method of adulteration is adding white roses to the red ones being distilled. White roses are less fragrant but richer in stearoptene (a chemical compound), which can affect the quality of the final product. In some cases, attar of geranium is also mixed with turpentine oil. As a result, it is possible that the attar of rose you buy in a high-end store may contain very little of the genuine perfume.

Life of the Rose Growers

The Realities of Rose Farming

The peasants who grow roses are generally kind and hardworking, but their lives are not as ideal as they may seem. There are no large rose farms; instead, small farmers tend to their own patches of roses. Merchants find it more profitable to buy roses from these small growers who use simple methods to make attar. This system works for merchants because they do not have to bear the risk of crop damage—the peasant farmers do.

The two or three main merchants in Kasanlik hold a monopoly over the rose market. They control the price of attar, and the rose growers have little choice but to sell their product to them. If a farmer refuses, there are few other buyers. While some merchants have made fortunes from attar of rose, the small farmers who grow it do not get rich.

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The Ransom Negotiations

While the violence in the village was ongoing, Hafiz Pacha was secretly negotiating with the men he had captured in the camp about the terms for the ransom of the village. After much effort, they finally agreed on a price, and the money was raised. The men were then set free and allowed to return to their damaged homes. Mr. Schuyler has gathered most of the details about this transaction, although it was not easy to do. The villagers remain fearful of Hafiz’s revenge. If he discovers who revealed information about him, he might retaliate against them.

This ransom money was not collected for the government, but for Hafiz Pacha’s own benefit. Given that the government is in urgent need of funds, they might eventually request that he deposit this money into the treasury.

Casualties and Their Impact

The number of people killed in the village is estimated to be between 200 and 300. Among the casualties, there were relatively few women and children. Most of the deaths occurred among those who tried to escape the village but were caught and killed by the Bashi-Bazouks in the surrounding countryside. This tragic loss highlights the severe impact of the conflict on the community Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Arrival in Bucharest

Bucharest, August 22

I have just arrived in Bucharest after spending a few weeks traveling through Bulgaria. During part of the trip, I was accompanied by Mr. Schuyler, but I left him to continue his investigations in the Balkans. Before I share further details about what we witnessed, I would like to discuss a few points with Mr. Disraeli regarding the issue of “exaggerations.” I also want to comment on the actions of Sir Henry Elliot and provide a brief overview of the current situation in the country.

Observations on the Situation

It is important to consider how these events have shaped the lives of the local people. The fear and uncertainty caused by Hafiz Pacha’s actions have left a deep mark on the community. Many residents are still recovering from the trauma of losing their loved ones and homes. The fear of further violence remains, making it difficult for the villagers to rebuild their lives. The situation in the region is complex, with political and social factors contributing to the ongoing strife.

As we reflect on these events, it becomes clear that the consequences extend far beyond immediate violence. The loss of life, the destruction of homes, and the fear instilled in the community will have lasting effects on future generations. Understanding this context is crucial for any efforts toward peace and recovery in the region.

This rewrite clarifies the text and organizes the information with appropriate subtitles, making it easier to read. Let me know if you’d like any changes or further details!

[goingholiday]

The Ransom Negotiations

While the violence in the village was ongoing, Hafiz Pacha was secretly negotiating with the men he had captured in the camp about the terms for the ransom of the village. After much effort, they finally agreed on a price, and the money was raised. The men were then set free and allowed to return to their damaged homes. Mr. Schuyler has gathered most of the details about this transaction, although it was not easy to do. The villagers remain fearful of Hafiz’s revenge. If he discovers who revealed information about him, he might retaliate against them.

This ransom money was not collected for the government, but for Hafiz Pacha’s own benefit. Given that the government is in urgent need of funds, they might eventually request that he deposit this money into the treasury.

Casualties and Their Impact

The number of people killed in the village is estimated to be between 200 and 300. Among the casualties, there were relatively few women and children. Most of the deaths occurred among those who tried to escape the village but were caught and killed by the Bashi-Bazouks in the surrounding countryside. This tragic loss highlights the severe impact of the conflict on the community Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Arrival in Bucharest

Bucharest, August 22

I have just arrived in Bucharest after spending a few weeks traveling through Bulgaria. During part of the trip, I was accompanied by Mr. Schuyler, but I left him to continue his investigations in the Balkans. Before I share further details about what we witnessed, I would like to discuss a few points with Mr. Disraeli regarding the issue of “exaggerations.” I also want to comment on the actions of Sir Henry Elliot and provide a brief overview of the current situation in the country.

Observations on the Situation

It is important to consider how these events have shaped the lives of the local people. The fear and uncertainty caused by Hafiz Pacha’s actions have left a deep mark on the community. Many residents are still recovering from the trauma of losing their loved ones and homes. The fear of further violence remains, making it difficult for the villagers to rebuild their lives. The situation in the region is complex, with political and social factors contributing to the ongoing strife.

As we reflect on these events, it becomes clear that the consequences extend far beyond immediate violence. The loss of life, the destruction of homes, and the fear instilled in the community will have lasting effects on future generations. Understanding this context is crucial for any efforts toward peace and recovery in the region.

This rewrite clarifies the text and organizes the information with appropriate subtitles, making it easier to read. Let me know if you’d like any changes or further details!

[goingholiday]

The Ransom Negotiations

While the violence in the village was ongoing, Hafiz Pacha was secretly negotiating with the men he had captured in the camp about the terms for the ransom of the village. After much effort, they finally agreed on a price, and the money was raised. The men were then set free and allowed to return to their damaged homes. Mr. Schuyler has gathered most of the details about this transaction, although it was not easy to do. The villagers remain fearful of Hafiz’s revenge. If he discovers who revealed information about him, he might retaliate against them.

This ransom money was not collected for the government, but for Hafiz Pacha’s own benefit. Given that the government is in urgent need of funds, they might eventually request that he deposit this money into the treasury.

Casualties and Their Impact

The number of people killed in the village is estimated to be between 200 and 300. Among the casualties, there were relatively few women and children. Most of the deaths occurred among those who tried to escape the village but were caught and killed by the Bashi-Bazouks in the surrounding countryside. This tragic loss highlights the severe impact of the conflict on the community Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Arrival in Bucharest

Bucharest, August 22

I have just arrived in Bucharest after spending a few weeks traveling through Bulgaria. During part of the trip, I was accompanied by Mr. Schuyler, but I left him to continue his investigations in the Balkans. Before I share further details about what we witnessed, I would like to discuss a few points with Mr. Disraeli regarding the issue of “exaggerations.” I also want to comment on the actions of Sir Henry Elliot and provide a brief overview of the current situation in the country.

Observations on the Situation

It is important to consider how these events have shaped the lives of the local people. The fear and uncertainty caused by Hafiz Pacha’s actions have left a deep mark on the community. Many residents are still recovering from the trauma of losing their loved ones and homes. The fear of further violence remains, making it difficult for the villagers to rebuild their lives. The situation in the region is complex, with political and social factors contributing to the ongoing strife.

As we reflect on these events, it becomes clear that the consequences extend far beyond immediate violence. The loss of life, the destruction of homes, and the fear instilled in the community will have lasting effects on future generations. Understanding this context is crucial for any efforts toward peace and recovery in the region.

This rewrite clarifies the text and organizes the information with appropriate subtitles, making it easier to read. Let me know if you’d like any changes or further details!