The first thing we hear about doctors is this from Katniss: 'Since almost no one can afford doctors, apothecaries are our healers.' (THG p.9). This implies, first, that there are doctors plural in the district, and, second, that some people can afford to go to them and are allowed to do so.
Katniss also mentions 'the district doctor who's repsonsible for treating the miners' (THG p.216). This could mean there's a single district doctor whose responsibilites include treating the miners, but based on the previous thing she said it more likely means that one of the small number of doctors in the district is specifically employed to look over the miners. Presumably this person is employed on some kind of government tenure? The miners surely couldnt afford to pay the full price for treatment, though there could be a smaller fee, or a wider tax on their wages.
It seems like these doctors have to be Capitol because being a doctor 'would require university training' (TBOSAS p.355). Prim could never have become a doctor in District 12 (Mj p.179). Possibly there are universities in districts like D1 or D3 that could also train people for this, but we only hear about 'the University', which seems to be the only one in the Capitol. It's fee paying (TBOSAS p.13), and it's logical that some medical graduates would have to take bad positions in the districts to pay off student or other debts, like many Peacekeepers have to sign up to cover debts (TBOSAS p.36).
The Peacekeepers' base has a built-in clinic and there's more than one doctor employed there, and some medics and nurses (TBOSAS p.402, 411, 464 etc). Seems like they also function as coroners since Mayfair and Billy Taupe's bodies are examined there (TBOSAS p.464), and Katniss says it's usual for Peacekeepers to take bodies away then announce the cause of death so that's not just for murders (THG p.34). Because their clinic is on the base, a secure military site, I think it's not likely they'd be taking on district patients for extra cash.
Manufactured medicines and their various avaliabilities come up a lot. Morphling is made in and imported from the Capitol, Asterid doesn't have any in her supplies despite being rich now, Merrilee Undersee, the mayor's wife, is able to get it (CF p.140-1). Asterid does have some other painkillers 'the kind usually accessible only to doctors' 'hard to come by, expensive' (CF p.138). There's the antidepressants Asterid has (THG p.43). There is also a store that sells medicine: 'dried herbs and tinctures and store-bought bottles' (CF p.136), Asterid buys fever pills to use sometimes (THG p.309), Katniss says sleep syrup is cheap and very commmon (THG p.335). It's likely those three come from the Town apothecaries, but the stronger medicines might have to come through doctors. How medicine gets from the manufacturing site (Capitol or other districts) to the apothecary stores is not clear. Can they order it themselves? Do they just get first dibs buying it off eclectic import trains? Do they have to go through the district doctors? Do doctors sell medicine like a pharmacy? Merrilee might need a doctors prescription to get morphling. Exactly how goods including medicines are imported and distributed is not stated.
District doctors are not able to do as much as Capitol doctors, probably due to a lack of technology. Merrilee's chronic headaches would be treatable in the Capitol but no healthcare avaliable to her in the district can fix them (CF p.107).
Since there are Town apothecaries, merchants must be using them for healthcare most of the time, and doctors would only be for extreme circumstances. (Not that all merchants are in the same economic position to afford them.) If some Town folk are going to doctors for healthcare, I'd expect the thing they'd really pay for is obstetrics. Childbirth is so dangerous without medical care and also an unavoidable part of life. People usually want doctors for that more than anything else. No proof for this, all we get about childbirth in 12 is the implication that Seam women do it at home with no mention even of midwives (THG p.422, SOTR ebook p.120), so this is just my speculation.
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