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@ignorant-existence-blog
Igneous rocks it is!
Alright, so igneous rocks! How are they made?
OO! I know!
Sheesh, chill out, why don’t you? It’s just the intro.
You’re just jealous!
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and crystallizes. There are actually two different of igneous rocks, extrusive and intrusive. Another name for them is volcanic and plutonic rocks. Extrusive are…
Wait! What’s magma again?
What happens after the radiometric dating?
Well, so long as the dating is correct (metamorphic rock didn’t reset the clock from high grade metamorphism) then, you can use that age to find out what time period it’s from. Then using that, you can correlate between the two areas and learn about the animals where you found the rock, the plants, what kind of environment it was…
What’s correlation?
Correlation is when you relate rock layers in one are to the layers from another one, to determine it’s relative age/if there are any time gaps.
Like this:
Because trilobite is one of the oldest fossils, its clear to see that  Outcrop I has to be upside down since it has its trilobite as its first layer.
How would you find time gaps?: Why would there be time gaps? Did someone just take a piece out or something?
What happens after the radiometric dating?
Well, so long as the dating is correct (metamorphic rock didn’t reset the clock from high grade metamorphism) then, you can use that age to find out what time period it’s from. Then using that, you can correlate between the two areas and learn about the animals where you found the rock, the plants, what kind of environment it was…
What’s correlation?
Here’s a random thought:
Are you aware of how a septic tank works?
What is a septic tank?
A septic tank is usually only used on acreages nowadays, but anyways, it’s a tank that catches the sewage from the house and holds the solids while the liquids are leeched out into the ground water supply, which is connected to the house.
It catches the sewage? Like…from the toilets, the shower, the washing machine…EW! They’re drinking their own pee! No, even worse, they’re drinking other people’s pee! Why would you do that??!
And this is where knowing how ground water work is helpful!
unconfinedignorant-existence:
What does ground water have to do with drinking pee?!
Let me explain:
Groundwater comes from aquifers (rocks that hold and transmit water, enough to be a source)Â
There are unconfined aquifers and confined aquifers. Unconfined, are natural, they have a water table (level that water rises to), a zone of aeration and saturation.Â
Confined are under pressure, because they have low permability (doesn’t let water through AKA clay) layers above and below it, which causes water to be forced out, like a geyser.
To recharge, unconfined simply fill up with water that filtered through the ground until it reached the water table. Confined, have a certain area that recharges their water and it simply flows through and holds the water between its layers.Â
What does this have to do with septic tanks?!
Here’s a random thought:
Are you aware of how a septic tank works?
What is a septic tank?
A septic tank is usually only used on acreages nowadays, but anyways, it’s a tank that catches the sewage from the house and holds the solids while the liquids are leeched out into the ground water supply, which is connected to the house.
It catches the sewage? Like…from the toilets, the shower, the washing machine…EW! They’re drinking their own pee! No, even worse, they’re drinking other people’s pee! Why would you do that??!
And this is where knowing how ground water work is helpful!
What does ground water have to do with drinking pee?!
Here’s a random thought:
Are you aware of how a septic tank works?
What is a septic tank?
A septic tank is usually only used on acreages nowadays, but anyways, it’s a tank that catches the sewage from the house and holds the solids while the liquids are leeched out into the ground water supply, which is connected to the house.
It catches the sewage? Like...from the toilets, the shower, the washing machine...EW! They’re drinking their own pee! No, even worse, they’re drinking other people’s pee! Why would you do that??!
Here’s a random thought:
Are you aware of how a septic tank works?
What is a septic tank?
Know where else sediments are great? Glaciers.
Both continental and alpine, sediments help so much with glaciers.
Glaciers? What does that have to do with rocks? And what’s the difference between continental and alpine?
Speaking of...
Let’s get back on track. Where were we?
Ah, yes, weathering. They shape our landscape by tearing away at rocks and wearing it down to a sand. One way to do that is with water. A lot of it, and moving really fast. Like in rivers.
River processes are quite extensive.Â
First thing to remember is that, rivers are measured by their competence (max size particle it can transport) and their capacity (total volume of sediment that can be transported)
They range from old to young, but it’s fairly easy to tell which is which.
Young rivers have:
rapids
waterfalls
vertical erosion
no flood plain
V-shaped valley
Whilst older rivers have:
meandering streams
horizontal erosion
Younger rivers also move faster than older ones. With younger rivers, they don’t wander side to side but simply cut right down the middle, fairly easily with their speed and size. Most erosion is by abrasion or hydraulic action. If the rock is incredibly hard, then the river will actually cut right through it, while the sides stay fairly steep, thus V-shaped valley.
Older rivers, or as rivers age, develop meandering streams which means to have a single channel with a sinuous pattern. As they grow older, the meandering streams become more bradided, more complex, sometimes even reaching point of creating an oxbow lake (free-standing body of water, created when a meander cuts off a part of a river)
*coughs* Is this where we come in?
What even...?
You forgot:
Mass wasting can also be affected by weathering. A lot of geology is affected by weathering.Â
Weathering is everywhere.
Ah, right! Weathering, a very big part of geology, the part that ruins most geology and geological features. Weathering actually causes many problems in determining ages but it has created the landscape that we live in today.
How would would the weather have any effect on our landscape? It’s just rain and snow and stuff right?
You ignorant primate. You believe weather has no effect on your environment?! It allows mountains to rise and grow, it creates rivers! the weather affects your very lives!
But how?!
What's weathering? Help me, oh geological one!
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks to form sediments.
It comes in three types, along with sub-types:
Physical:
Frost wedging
Salt wedging
Thermal expansion/contraction
Exfoliation (AKA pressure release)
Biological:
Root wedging
Animal activity
Chemical:
Dissolution
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
But what do these mean?!
You forgot:
Mass wasting can also be affected by weathering. A lot of geology is affected by weathering.Â
Weathering is everywhere.
Ah, right! Weathering, a very big part of geology, the part that ruins most geology and geological features. Weathering actually causes many problems in determining ages but it has created the landscape that we live in today.
How would would the weather have any effect on our landscape? It’s just rain and snow and stuff right?
Mass wasting: where a mass of rocks, soil, sand, etc, move together down a slope, usually by gravity but can also be affected by water levels.
This here is a debris flow (also called a debris...
Why are the rocks falling at all? Why don’t they stay in place? And it looks like there’s enough vegetation already...
Mass Wasting
Mass wasting: where a mass of rocks, soil, sand, etc, move together down a slope, usually by gravity but can also be affected by water levels.
This here is a debris flow (also called a debris torrent). You can tell by the sheer speed and the large boulder at the end, that nearly crushes that car.
Other forms of mass wasting are:
Debris creep:
A very slow process, debris slowly inching its way down.Â
Slump:
Where the mass eventually succumbs to gravity and simply falls away, whilst leaving behind a curved side.
and rock slides:
Where the entire mass of rocks falls together, basically in the form of a giant block, and crashes down on top of everything. Very quick, very dangerous.Â
There are also, rock falls , where the slops is so steep that rocks simply tumble off the sides from gravity and debris slides, where a giant mass of debris slides down, with a result similar to debris flows.
Wouldn’t it make more sense to stop them from happening? It would definitely prevent other people from getting hurt.
BC: At risk
Seeing as British Columbia is at risk of a very high magnitude earthquake, it might be best to discuss the effects of such an earthquake.
For one,Â
buildings could be destroyed
people, crushed
if it’s really bad, a tsunami is always a possibility
That doesn’t even include any landslides, rock falls, mass wasting that could happen from the earth shaking.
Mass wasting?
So, three types of plates boundaries:
Convergent: plates coming together
Divergent: plates pulling apart
Transform: plates sliding past each (also called a transform fault)
There are also variations between ocean crust and continental crust. For example, ocean-ocean divergent, ocean-continent convergent, continent-continent divergent, etc.
One thing to keep in mind: Ocean crust is denser than continental! Which means the ocean crust goes down.
See?! and there are multiple markers that indicate what type of boundary it is!
What are you talking about? All I see are lines!
Not on the map…
Okay, we’ll take Canada for example.Â
It sits on top of the North American Plate, along with the rest of North America. The Juan de Fuca plate is converging with the North America Plate. If you look closely, you can see that is says ‘Cascadia Subduction Zone’, right beside the boundary, because the ocean plate is subducting under the North America Plate.
Other markers, such as a trench, volcanic arcs, etc will also appear…
Earthquakes or seismic activity also work as indicators for plate movement.
Volcanoes?? Earthquakes?? I haven’t seen any of these things, ever!
Obviously, they don’t happen frequently. But earthquakes happen more often than you think. Most volcanoes are inactive at the moment, or dead.
Think about Mt. Garibaldi, that’s a volcano. It hasn’t shown any activity recently, however…
Earthquakes happen when plates grind against each other or when a plate breaks whilst colliding or subducting. Transform faults are closer to the surface, cause more damage. Converging plate boundaries  usually release deep focus earthquakes, which has a much larger magnitude.
British Colombia is actually at risk of a high magnitude earthquake, since the plates are stuck, which means the stress the plates is building up.
What is a deep focus earthquake? what does it mean when the plates are stuck??
So, three types of plates boundaries:
Convergent: plates coming together
Divergent: plates pulling apart
Transform: plates sliding past each (also called a transform fault)
There are also variations between ocean crust and continental crust. For example, ocean-ocean divergent, ocean-continent convergent, continent-continent divergent, etc.
One thing to keep in mind: Ocean crust is denser than continental! Which means the ocean crust goes down.
See?! and there are multiple markers that indicate what type of boundary it is!
What are you talking about? All I see are lines!
Not on the map…
Okay, we’ll take Canada for example.Â
It sits on top of the North American Plate, along with the rest of North America. The Juan de Fuca plate is converging with the North America Plate. If you look closely, you can see that is says ‘Cascadia Subduction Zone’, right beside the boundary, because the ocean plate is subducting under the North America Plate.
Other markers, such as a trench, volcanic arcs, etc will also appear…
Earthquakes or seismic activity also work as indicators for plate movement.
Volcanoes?? Earthquakes?? I haven’t seen any of these things, ever!
