Tony Stark: A Representation of the Working Class
I know this sounds whack, because he’s literally a billionaire, and that is important. But the Iron Man trilogy has always struck me as very anti-capitalist, and Tony’s story, actions and development mirror working class experiences, even though he is a billionaire in his context, which gives him resources and he uses his money to fund the avengers later, and that matters to his characterisation.
Being a billionaire doesn’t disqualify Tony from representing the working class if we look at Marxist literary theory (that is, the literary theory which focuses on how social class impacts a narrative). There are overt and covert aspects to any text. The idea that Tony represents working class people would be covert — it’s underlying and likely not even intentional, but it’s there. This isn’t to say that Tony Stark is a working class person, he isn’t, but he could be a representation of the working class experience.
Marxist literary theory states that capitalism reifies people, and capitalism exploits its labourers. Reification is the opposite of personification. It is when a person is viewed as a thing, a means for production, and Tony, who cannot stop building and advancing tech, is a means of production. Tony, who can’t let go of Iron Man, and considers the suit an extension of his body (a ‘high tech prosthesis’, as he calls it in Iron Man 2) is reified. And there’s no question as to whether his labour is exploited.
The Iron Man trilogy portrays capitalist ideology and the corrupt nature of billionaires in a lot of different ways, but most obviously through the character of Obadiah Stane, who is likely only a little less wealthy than Tony himself, but embodies the values of the bourgeoisie in our society far more than Tony ever has. Obadiah is selfish and corrupt, he hurts others (Tony, the stand in for the working class) to get what he wants, and while he has the resources and is given the option to make the world better, he chooses instead to make things worse to for the sake of profit. Stane has no empathy or compassion for others, and is content to attempt to murder Tony twice because he was in the way of what Obadiah wanted. This is a clear and simple reflection of the way that people in power mistreat those who have less than them, and I’m sure I don’t need to point out any of the real-life people it parallels. It is significant that Tony has spent the vast majority of his life (and indeed the entirety of his adult life) being used and exploited by this representation of the upper class, who is depicted as predatory and deceptive towards him. And it is also significant that the resolution of the story comes from the death of Obadiah (ie: the dismantling of the system he represents).
In some respects, Tony is just a reflection of what a billionaire should be like; he’s hardworking, philanthropic, intelligent, etc etc. In the same way that Steve Rogers represents what America should be, Tony is what billionaires should be, and that’s a perfectly valid take. But I want to provide evidence as to why I think he is also coded in a working class way. One of the biggest is that he’s a disabled character, and in our society, those who are disabled are usually left without a lot of financial stability due to the way that our society is rigged against them. Furthermore, Tony’s disability directly comes as a consequence of his own work, something that is common for people in blue collar jobs that do not have adequate safety regulations in their workplace. And in the second movie, this disability Tony has begins to actively kill him because he’s overworking himself by using the Iron Man Suit too much. Tony’s actions and growth come from a change in work ethics, and constant growth and adaptation in the things he builds, as well as his growing disillusionment with the systems in place.