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Bridging The Digital Divide

Q: Imagine your role not only as a professional, but as a citizen. How can YOU help to bridge the digital divide for people in need?

The digital divide is understood as the inequality or increasing gap separating the underprivileged, in particular rural, poor, elderly and handicapped – those without access to the Internet – from the wealthier, middle-class and young individuals in urban and suburban areas (Stanford, 2000)(Flew, 2014). The term also refers to the separation between those who have the knowledge and skills to use new technologies and understand the benefits, and those lacking in education (Norris, 2001).

Education, income and race are the predominant factors widening the gap between privileged Internet users and those with no or low rates of computer and Internet access (Barr, 2014).

Consider this:

40% of the world’s population has Internet today

The top five countries for internet population are China, United States, India, Japan and Brazil who contribute over 1.3 billion users

In contrast, countries such as Tuvalu, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands and Niue each have less than 5,000 users each, with Niue only contributing 617 users

60% of the world’s population does not have access to the Internet

(Internet Live Stats, 2015)

(Internet Live Statistics, 2015)

The major factors for potentially bridging the gap are universal access and education. As the rate of computer and Internet use increases, so too must access. Telecommunications companies must consider providing equal service and networks to rural and underprivileged communities so that all individuals can participate in the decrease of the divide.

Within recent years, the gap between Australian rural and urban communities is slowly closing. Australia currently has over 21million users with a gap of approximately one million users; in particular the elderly or those in rural areas (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014). While basic access to the Internet has increased in Australia, factors such as speed, hardware and general understanding are nonetheless crucial (Barr, 2014).

How do we overcome the divide?

Living in a technological civilization means this divide needs to be diminished, and the responsibility not only belongs to governments and multi-nationals, but individuals and communities, also.

Internet.org – Facebook

Facebook, in conjunction with partners such as Ericsson, Samsung, Nokia, Opera Software, Qualcomm and Mediatek, aims to bring together and connect the two-thirds of the world who do not have Internet access (Rosen, 2014). Using the free basic services of the Internet.Org app, people are able to access health, employment and local information without charge.

The app is available in developing countries including:

India

Ghana

Colombia

Kenya

Tanzania

Indonesia

India

Zambia

Users have access to functions like weather, library, social media, Google search, Job site platforms, Wikipedia, Messenger and more (Rosen, 2014).

These organisations understand that connecting the world requires more than one man; together “they believe in the power of a connected world” (Internet.Org, 2015, pg.1).

How can I help?

Organisations such as Close The Gap and PhoneCycle require our help to fulfil their mission to bridge the digital divide.

Close The Gap

An international not-for-profit organisation, Close The Gap strives to bridge the digital divide by offering high-quality, pre-owned, refurbished computers to educational, medical and social projects in developing countries (Close The Gap, 2008). Their main focus is “advancing both the individual and the community within a spirit of socio-economical education” (Close The Gap, 2008, p.1).

They have supported more than 2,500 projects globally

Donated 250,000 computers

Provide access to computers for children to improve education

Close the Gap encourages large corporations, small business and individuals to donate used, or new, computers to help the cause.

(Close The Gap, 2008)

PhoneCycle:

An organisation accepting used mobile phones, which aims to provide benefits to individuals and businesses in developing countries (PhoneCycle, 2011).

The Village Phone Program in Bangladesh allows women in villages to earn an income by renting mobile phones to other members of the community

Farmers are able to determine market prices for crops and cattle using their mobiles

People have access to virtual bank accounts to send, receive and save money, benefitting small businesses

Communicate with family member over distance and transfer money home

Receive disease updates and notifications via SMS

PhoneCycle encourages individuals to donate their old phones to benefit developing countries.

Numerous other companies, similar to those above, exist in privileged countries, providing citizens with the opportunity to donate new or used electronics to participate in the global movement towards decreasing the digital divide.

Through generous donations of materials and resources required to aid developing countries, and the education of these technologies, multi-nationals, communities and individuals are able to make a change and assist in bridging the gap.

References:

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014) Household Usage of Information Technology, Australia. Retrieved from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/8146.0Chapter12012-13

Barr, P.N. (2014) The digital divide is narrowing but more needs to be done. Retrieved from: http://theconversation.com/the-digital-divide-is-narrowing-but-more-needs-to-be-done-25994

Close The Gap. (2008) Mission. Retrieved from: http://close-the-gap.org/discover-us/mission/

Flew, T. (2014) New Media: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia.

Internet.Org. (2015) About. Who We Are. Retrieved from: http://internet.org/about

Internet Live Stats, (2015) Internet Users By Country. Retrieved from: http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/

Norris, P. (2001) Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. [eBook] Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wfNPdyiwbYQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=digital+divide&ots=gzdO2jtWcN&sig=zT7K7b9ONwp9Rzq7g8ZnuxuaUVc#v=onepage&q=digital%20divide&f=false

PhoneCycle. (2011) Recycling old mobile phones for reuse in developing countries. Retrieved from: http://www.phonecycle.com.au/phone-recycling-news/79-recycling-mobile-phones-for-reuse-in-developing-countries.html

Stanford. (2000) Digital Divide. Retrieved from: http://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs181/projects/1999-00/digital-divide/start.html

Rosen, G. (2014, Jul 31) Introducing the Internet.Org App. [Press Release] Retrieved from: http://internet.org/press/introducing-the-internet-dot-org-app

Warshauer, M. (2002) Reconceptualizing the Digital Divide. Peer-reviewed Journal on the Internet, 7(7). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i7.967

The Games We Play: Gamification in Public Relations

Q: Examine the use of games and gamification in your chosen profession.

Let’s set thescene for a moment…

Ping. Facebook notification.

Who is liking your photo? Who is sending you a message? Oh no, has someone tagged you in a candid photo?

No, it’s Jane Smith inviting you to play Candy Crush, Farmville, or Words with Friends.

As consumers, we are exposed to games and gamification everywhere: racing games using recognised car brands, entertainment games like Candy Crush and Stick Cricket, and multimillion dollar productions like Call of Duty (Dougherty, 2014).

Here’s what you need to know about the gaming industry:

Produced approximately $46 billion in revenue for 2014 (Statista, 2015), expected increase to $100 billion by 2018 (Pitcher, 2014)

Over twice the size of record industry

A quarter more than magazine industry

Three-fifths the size of film industry (Cross, 2011)

Within recent years, gaming has progressed beyond their traditional target markets to new groups such as women, middle-aged, and the elderly; untraditional gamers, eager to play games such as ‘Farmville’ on Facebook or ‘Angry Birds’ on their smartphones (Cross, 2011).

Gamification is the use of game mechanics and game design elements in non-game contexts (Deterding, Dixon, Khaled, & Nacke, 2011)(Flew, 2014). Gamification allows game use for more than just entertainment; joy of use, individual or group engagement, and improving user experience are hugely advantaged by gamification (Deterdin, et.al., 2011). Interactive games use consumer-oriented web and mobile sites to converge production strategies, marketing techniques and cultural behaviours (Flew, 2014)(Dougherty, 2014).

Public relations professionals are increasingly utilizing gamification as a strategy for increasing interactions and effectively engaging with customers, clients and employees (Turney, 2014). Gamification allows PR to build mutual understanding between an organization and their consumers, supporting organizations in presenting their stories (Holtz, 2012). With the increasing popularity of free, simple, and social Facebook games, PR professionals are able to establish relationships between organisations and consumers in an entertaining way (Turney, 2014).

Gamification is not only used for entertainment, but allows PR practitioners to familiarize consumers with products, promote brands, and determine market trends (Coffee, 2013)(Dougherty, 2014). These gaming platforms provide insight into public opinion and understanding of which promotional messages will be effective and which will not; who people believe will win the big game, or which product will sell best among 18 year old women.

Through online platforms where consumers are investing virtual money into various contexts, we can witness where the public’s passion lies, what they are willing to spend money on, or who and what they are betting on, allowing ineffective ideas to be abandoned early (Dougherty, 2014). Games such as The Sims series and 3D Home Decorator are examples of such methods. Analysis of consumer choices such as where they spend their money and what indulgences they choose within the game can correspond with real-life consumer behaviours (Dougherty, 2014).

Successful PR professionals understand the different between telling and showing, and recognize that a demonstration will connect with people on a deeper level and generate greater understanding. Companies are using gamification to develop this connection using two predominant strategies: a game show interface or experiencing the ‘real-thing’ (Holtz, 2012). Games can create shock and awe factor in a way that traditional advertising, press releases or blog posts have previously failed to achieve.

In conjunction with the release of the new James Bond movie, Skyfall, an interactive gaming challenge was implemented in Central Station, New York. Coke Zero, in conjunction with James Bond Integrated Marketing, challenged unsuspecting train passengers to ‘Unlock the 007 in them’ for a chance to win free tickets to the new Skyfall film. The campaign generated conversation and drove engagement with customers as well as deepened the relationship between audiences and the James Bond brand (Palmen, 2012).

--> Check out the video below...

Another great example of game incorporation is the Starbucks Loyalty App which began as a consumer’s way of tracking their purchases, storing their drink preference and receiving incentives for multiple purchases. From a PR perspective, progressing from scanning a loyalty card and receiving a point, to a mobile app that incorporates digital tapping and ‘shake to pay’, generated additional buzz and engagement with customers (Dougherty, 2014).

However, developing and deploying games is an expensive proposition and requires careful consideration of returns on investment: not every PR message is appropriate for gaming contexts. If conducted effectively, big issues where public opinion and consumer support can be a game changer, the investment can produce a significant payoff (Dougherty, 2014). The application of gaming into non-game contexts holds endless possibility for PR messages to become increasingly more engaging and fun.

References:

Coffee, P. (2013, Feb 28) How Brands Use Games to Develop Better Products and Marketing Campaigns. [Web Blog Content] Retrieved from: http://www.adweek.com/prnewser/how-brands-use-gamification-to-connect-with-the-public/59849

Cross, T. (2011). Special report: Video games - All the world's a game. The Economist. Retrieved from: http://www.economist.com/node/21541164

Dougherty, J. (2014, July 14) How Companies Use Gamification for PR. [Web Blog Content] Retrieved from: http://www.cision.com/us/2014/07/how-companies-use-gamification-for-pr/

Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R. & Nacke, L. (2011). Gamification: Toward a Definition. Paper presented at CHI 2011, May 7-12. Vancouver, BC, Canada. Retrieved from: http://gamification-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/02-Deterding-Khaled-Nacke-Dixon.pdf

Flew, T. (2014). New Media: An Introduction (4th Ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 91-92.

Holtz, S. (2012, Feb 1) Gamification of PR messages could be a game changer. [Web Blog Content] Retrieved from: http://holtz.com/blog/gamification/gamification-of-pr-messages-could-be-a-game-changer/3820/

Palmen, M. (2012, Nov 1) Coke Zero Viral Video: Unlock the 007 in you, you have 70 seconds. Retrieved from: http://www.coca-colacompany.com/coca-cola-unbottled/coke-zero-viral-video-unlock-the-007-in-you-you-have-70-seconds

Pitcher, J. (2014, June 25) Games Industry Revenue may hit $100 billion by 2018, says research firm. Polygon. Retrieved from: http://www.polygon.com/2014/6/25/5840882/games-industry-revenue-hit-100-billion-by-2018-dfc-Intelligence

Statista. (2015) Retail revenue of the U.S. video game industry from February 2013 to February 2015. The Statistics Portal. Retrieved from: http://www.statista.com/statistics/201093/revenue-of-the-us-video-game-industry/

Turney, M. (2014) ‘Gamification’ isn’t limited to public relations. Nor is it merely another buzzword. Online Readings in Public Relations. Retrieved from: http://www.nku.edu/~turney/prclass/readings/gamification.html

Social Media: Friend or Foe?

Q: Balance the risks and rewards of social media in your planned profession.

Social media is…

- Web-based platforms allowing individuals who share common interests, activities and backgrounds, to build social networks and relations (Flew, 2014).

- Individuals construct a public or restricted profile, with personalised privacy settings individual apps, establising connections with other users (Boyd & Ellison, 2009).

Social media allows organisations to utilise social networking to build competitive advantage, generate and expand business, and engage with consumers on a more personal level.

Social Media and PR?

In a digital society where daily processes and social structure continue to formulate around digital networks of communication, social media provides a means of distributing information collectively and on a global scale; promoting a culture of sharing (Castells, 1996).

The Internet’s greatest advantage is opportunity for new brands to take off, propelled from an unknown brand or company to seemingly instant fame or fortune (Scott, 2008). The challenge for Public Relations is to capture the power of social media by generating buzz, creating ‘word-of-mouse’ or ‘word-of-blog’ and ultimately going ‘viral’. In the digitally expanding world, those with understand of social networking and its advantages will communicate much more effectively than those without (Wright & Hinson, 2008).

Bad News First.

Every organisation harbours potential for a social media or PR disaster (Kelly, 2013). This fear can effect how marketers approach social media campaigns and cause companies with tremendous opportunities to. These risks fall under three categories:

o Operational risk: Involves copyrights, employee confidentiality and non-competes, employee monitoring on social media, and intellectual property disputes – who actually ‘owns’ the content posted on social media platforms (Pinterest, Facebook, Twitter, etc.) (Kelly, 2013). Includes leakage of intellectual property and confidential information.

o Regulatory risk: Information disclosure and public-company revelation; what information is released to the public, when and by whom. Eg. ‘Tweeting’ company financial results before results are acquired can be seen as a regulatory risk (Kelly, 2013).

o Reputational Risk: Potentially the most crippling risk, reputational risk involves controlling employee online activity and content, as well as monitoring what others are saying about you, and how to react to these situations. The most hazardous of social media platforms for reputational risk are reviewing platforms such as Tripadvsor, Yelp, Urbanspoon, Facebook, etc. (Kelly, 2013).

The result:

o Instant Backlash: Negative online content spreading globally within seconds, with instant judgement from consumers worldwide. The rapid propagation of content is social media’s greatest advantage and greatest disadvantage simultaneously. PR must exercise caution in the content distributed by company and employees, and monitor consumer behaviour in order to beat the unforgiving nature of the Internet (Eaton, 2012).

--> 13 Epic Twitter Fails By Big Brands http://www.businessinsider.com.au/13-epic-twitter-fails-by-big-brands-2012-2?op=1#qantas-had-its-twitter-competition-backfire-because-of-terrible-timing-1

The Plus Side?

The potential rewards of social media on public relations and corporate communications are extraordinary: unlimited potential for information sharing, dialogue exchange and marketing (Wright & Hinson, 2008).

Here is just a sample of social media rewards:

Instant Exposure: Not only is instant exposure possible, but people expect it. Consumers are accustomed to live updates from companies, brands and issues they follow.

Links and SEO: creates platforms for communicating information and/or company insights to target audience; Search engine optimisation from link generating and enhancing website authority.

Increased inbound Traffic

Higher Brand Authority – positions brand as an authoritative voice within an industry

Increased Brand Recognition and Loyalty

Faster, widespread coverage: instant sharing of information. As more people use the Internet and begin blogging themselves, more potential for bloggers and journalists to repost content (eg. Retweet, Regram).

More opportunities to convert

Higher conversation rates

Decreased Marketing Costs

Richer Customer Experiences

Improved Customer Insights

--> Top 10 Benefits of Social Media Marketing http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-marketing/

Balancing Risks and Rewards:

Learning how to balance the risks and rewards of social media is crucial for successful marketing. These three tips will facilitate viral distribution and avoid potential disaster.

Strategise: Adopt an inclusive social media strategy outlining requirements and culture of company; limiting employee control over posts, updates and general communication. Organising company representatives for control of media misuse, appropriate topics and public responses can save face (Eaton, 2012).

Regulate: Regulating potential exposure, current exposure, and media attention ensures companies are informed about consumer and competitors opinions; “are opinions positive or negative, from credible or novice sources?” (Eaton, 2012) Allows for prompt response from company representative for crisis management and demonstrates an active presence, while collecting consumer data (Eaton, 2012).

Schedule: Timeline for topics and constant updates portrays active presence. Schedules should be flexible to accommodate current events (Eaton, 2012).

Regardless of the potentials for disaster that social media poses, the rewards for PR continue to outweigh the risks. It is vital that organisations do not let fear of risks prevent them from taking advantage of opportunities provided by social media networks.

References:

Boyd, D.M., & Ellison, N.B. (2008) Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13(1). Retrieved from: http://scholar.google.com.au/scholar_url?url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nicole_Ellison/publication/259823204_Social_network_sites_Definition_history_and_scholarship/links/541354060cf2bb7347db216a.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm2Kp4e4pd3gI2Tvfy1Cigm61mFzlg&nossl=1&oi=scholarr&ei=bMHzVM_NGqXymQXk3YGQCA&ved=0CBwQgAMoADAA

Castells, M. (1996)The rise of the Network Society. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, 1(1). Referenced from Flew, 2014.

Eaton, M.M. (March 7, 2012) Risks and Rewards of Social Media for PR. [Blog entry content] March Communications. Retrieved from: http://www.marchpr.com/blog/2012/03/the-risks-rewards-of-social-media-for-pr/

Kelly, N. (January 3, 2013) Social Media Risks Are Real, Not Managing Them is Irresponsible. [Blog Entry Content] Social Media Explorer. Retrieved from: http://www.socialmediaexplorer.com/online-public-relations/social-media-risks-are-real-not-managing-them-is-irresponsible/

Wright D.K. & Hinson, M.D. (2008) How Blogs and Social Media are Changing Public Relations and the Way t is Practiced. Public Relations Journal, 2(2). Retrieved from: http://muhammadsaleem.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/wrighthinson.pdf

#DMS302

Marketers gonna market—and that's the problem. Interesting perspective on marketing brands in a social networking world.

Exploring convergence and Public Relations

Q: Research and write about convergence in your field, looking for cultural influences and practices.

‘What is convergence?’ you might ask…

Convergence is a broad term used to describe emerging telecommunications, information technologies and digital networks (Blackman,1998), morphing from multiple devices such as mobile phones, computers, televisions, etc., into multi-purpose conduits capable of performing numerous digital media activities from a singular system (Flew, 2014). Convergence describes technological,industrial, cultural and social changes. In the world of media convergence, every important story is told, brand sold, and consumer courted across multiple media platforms and competing media economies (Jenkins, 2006).

The convergence of voice, video and data gives consumers new methods of communicating and innovative ways of talking, sending text and video over one single network (Lekushoff, 2014). We have experienced a cultural shift in the way we interact with each other, evident through the evolution of creative platforms designed to encourage uniqueness; for example YouTube and Fanfiction: we are all publishers.

At device level, convergence offers consumers the opportunity to enjoy the convenience of multiple device functions on one interface, saving on size and ownership costs. The perfect example: Smart Phones – text, call, video, web browsing, camera, television, eBooks, notes, even creative elements such as drawing and movie production – thus enabling simplicity and convenience in device ownership.

What is the link between convergence and Public Relations?

In the area of Public Relations and Marketing, technology convergence is vital to the operation of a business as well as a tool for communication across multiple medias. McAllister & Taylor (2007) suggest that the Internet, particularly, gives PR practitioners a unique opportunity to collect information, monitor public opinion, and engage in direct dialogue with the public ‘astoundingly fast and from an astounding number of directions’ (Stevens, 2007, p. 35).

Convergence is causing traditional face-to-face representation to step aside, allowing opportunities for digital representation – be that celebrities, products or companies.

PR practitioners used to have it easy! The recipe for success once followed a linear process (in the most simplistic of explanations):

Step 1: Work with a client on strategy and gain content.

Step 2: Pitch content to the media; (hopefully) land the campaign. (Hellickson, 2013)

Since the convergence of media, the entire setting has changed with the upsurge of social and marketing media – Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, Facebook… the list goes on. These innovations have removed virtually all barriers publicists were once barricaded behind and allowed for creativity and ‘out of the box’ thinking to explode. Suddenly, PR is not only responsible for the message, but also the mode and the medium. The recipe now appears more like that of a difficult soufflé:

Step 1: Coordinate with client on strategy.

Step 2: Create content/campaign. This could include anything from case studies and white papers to blogs, Instagram campaigns, YouTube, eBooks, online guides or any creative media.

Step 3: Publish content or campaign, often in the form of media placements, company blogs, online blogs, podcasts, magazines (online or paper copy), events and much more.

Step 4: Promote the content on media platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, etc.

Step 5: Interact with consumers and community on various platforms, reacting, responding, and re-adjusting your strategy, as needed. The diversity of digital media allows for constant evaluation and change (Hellickson, 2013).

Source: James, 2011. http://www.pria.com.au/sitebuilder/forms/forms/file/34-174/Melanie%20James%20article%20Asia%20Pacific%20PR%20Journal.pdf

In an industry heavily concerned with staying ‘ahead of the game’ and being innovators in publicity marketing, technology convergence opens up opportunities to operate more efficiently and realise the potential business benefits through development of new services and rapid market expansion (Blackman, 1998).

New and emerging media is facilitating person-to person(s) communications through the availability of email, text messaging (SMS, Viber, Whatsapp), multimedia messaging (MMS, instant messaging), online forums, blogging and face-to-face conversations through Facetime or Skype (James, 2011).

Porter (et. al., 2007) states that PR practitioners who embrace new technologies, such as blogging, are perceived within organisations as having more power, in that they are willing to be leaders in the industry and use new tools to better reach target audiences.

Looking to the future…

In many ways, PR is no longer about the relationship between a company and the media. It’s about the relationship companies have with everyone: bloggers, influencers, employees, journalists and Twitter or Facebook consumers. It’s about crafting content, strategies and campaigns that engage all of these audiences (Lekushoff, 2014). As the industry continues to evolve, PR agencies must strive to find talent that meets the evolving needs of the industry: Bloggers, Influencers, YouTube legends and Instagram kings and queens are the future of public relations. Social media teams must examine analytics and user trends. We must build responsive websites that integrate PR and marketing campaigns cohesively and leverage creative minds (Lekushoff, 2014). Most importantly, we must embrace change every step of the way.

References:

Blackman, C. R. (1998). Convergence between telecommunications and other media How should regulation adapt? Telecommunications policy 22(3). p. 163-170.

Flew, T. (2014). New Media: An Introduction (4th Ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 19-20, 75-77.

Hellickson, J. (2013, October 3) Exploring the convergence of PR, Journalism and Marketing [Web Blog Content]. Retrieved from: http://perkettprsuasion.com/2013/10/03/exploring-the-convergence-of-pr-journalism-and-marketing/

James, M. (2011) A review of the impact of new media on public relations: Challenges for terrain, practice and education. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal 2(8). Retrieved from: http://www.pria.com.au/sitebuilder/forms/forms/file/34-174/Melanie%20James%20article%20Asia%20Pacific%20PR%20Journal.pdf

Jenkins, H. (2006, June 19) Welcome to Convergence Culture. [Web Blog Content]. Retrieved from: http://henryjenkins.org/2006/06/welcome_to_convergence_culture.html#sthash.TnrnUdMK.dpuf

Lekushoff, A. (2014, June 10) Convergence and Branded Content: How PR has Changed. Reaching Out, the Broad Reach Communications blog. [Web Blog Content]. Retrieved from: http://www.cision.com/ca-en/trends/convergence-and-branded-content-how-pr-has-changed/

McAllister, S. & Taylor, M. (2007). Community college web sites as tools for fostering dialogue. Public Relations Review. 1(33), p. 230–232. Retrieved from: http://bluehawk.monmouth.edu/~smcallis/McAllister_Taylor_07_ResearchBrief.pdf

Porter, L., Sweetser Trammell, K., Chung, D., & Kim, E. (2007). Blog power: Examining the effects of practitioner blog use on power in public relations. Public Relations Review, 1(33), p. 92–95. Retrieved from: http://www.student.tue.nl/V/t.s.oosterwijk/ModellerenB/Literature/6.%20Blog%20Power.pdf

Stephens, M. (2007). Beyond News. Columbia Journalism Review. 2(45), pp. 34–39. Retrieved from: http://www.cjr.org/feature/beyond_the_news.php?page=all

Taylor, M., & Kent, M. (2007). Taxonomy of mediated crisis responses. Public Relations Review, 1(33), pp. 140–146. Retrieved from: http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/K/Michael.L.Kent-1/PDFs/Taylor_Kent_Crisis_Taxonomy.pdf

#DMS302

A bit about me...

Welcome to my blog!

Here, I will endeavour to discuss and reflect on the effects of digital media in our society and, in particular, the close relationship formed between Public Relations and the digital world.

As a first year student at Bond University, my specific area of interest is yet to be determined, however, I leave my mind open to the possibilities. Whether that be marketing, advertisement, public relations or any number of fields, my aim is to discover how digital media plays a role in many diverse and exciting areas.

So watch this space for an insight into my thoughts.

#DMS302

The Internet has been the most fundamental change during my lifetime and for hundreds of years.

Rupert Murdoch, media mogul

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