JOURNAL OF MINING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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Lupine Publishers| A note on the Burger’s method

Abstract

The existence and uniqueness of the solutions to an infinite system of nonlinear equations arising in the  dynamic analysis of large deflection of a plate are discussed. Under the assumption that the rim of the plate is prevented from inplane motions, explicit equation for the coupling parameter is given.

Keywords: Existence, uniqueness, Berger’s method.1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 46(Functional analysis),73(Mechanics of solids)

Introduction

In the analysis of classical mechanics problems, there are cases where linear mathematical model can not fully describe the phenomena. If the deflection of the plate is of order of magnitude of its thickness, the differential equations for the deflection and displacements can be written in terms of nonlinear equations. These nonlinear equations are usually difficult to obtain the solution. Thus several attempts have been tried to obviate the difficulties. Among these attempts, it was Berger’s method which drew much attention. Berger[1] derived a simplified nonlinear equations for a plate with large deflections by assuming that the strain energy due to the second invariants of the middle surface strains can be neglected when deriving the differential equations by energy method. Berger restricted his analysis to static and isotropic cases. Later, his procedure was generalized to dynamics of isotropic plates by Nash and Modeer [2] and to dynamic phenomena in anisotropic plates and shallow shells by Nowinski [3]. Berger’methods is dealt in recent books [5, 6]. There many are papers giving explicit solutions to various cases, however the search for the existence and uniqueness of the solution is rare, thus it is the purpose of this paper to discuss this matter. The governing equations are

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Lupine Publishers |Existence and Uniqueness of the solution of large deflection of circular plate by the Burger’s method

Introduction

In the analysis of classical mechanics problems, there are cases where linear mathematical model can not fully describe the phenomena. If the deflection of the plate is of order of magnitude of its thickness, the differential equations for the deflection and displacements can be written in terms of nonlinear equations. These nonlinear equations are usually difficult to obtain the solution. Thus, several attempts have been tried to obviate the difficulties. Among these attempts, it was Berger’s method which drew much attention. Berger[1] derived as implified nonlinear equations for a plate with large deflections by assuming that the strain energy due to the second invariants of the middle surface strains can be neglected when deriving the differential equations by energy method. Berger restricted his analysis to static and isotropic cases. Later, his procedure was generalized to dynamics of isotropic plates by Nash and Modeer [2] and to dynamic phenomena in anisotropic plates and shallow shells by Nowinski [3]. Berger’methods is dealt in recent books [4] and [5]. In the research paper[6], Banerjee and Mazumdar review various

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Happy Thanksgiving!!

We  deeply appreciate your trust and loyalty towards Journal of Mining and Mechanical Engineering  and we wishing you  a very happy and healthy Thanksgiving Day!!  

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Lupine Publishers | Theoretical Feasibility Research on 3D Printing Technology Applied to Statics Model Experiment

Abstract

3D printing is effective to manufacture experimental models widely used in analogous statics tests before practical engineering applications. Whereas, traditional statics model experiments with strict dimensionless function are hardly to be established through 3D printing items according to similarity theory. To find a solution, this paper theoretically simplifies the statics system based on reducing constrains of weight and Poisson’s ratio. This simplification is the core of a new method of additional weight and correction to identify the simplified and the original statics systems. Operation procedures are displayed through case studies using the new method. 3D printed materials for specific statics experiments are validated as well through coefficient corrections. The results will finally contribute to 3D printing technology applied to analogic static research, for not only academic but also industrial purposes.

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Lupine Publishers | Computational modelling of plate-fin and tube heat exchanger for heat transfer and pressure drop analysis

Introduction

The plate-fin and tube heat exchanger are a cross-flow type heat exchanger, which uses plates as fins as indicated in (Figure 1); therefore, the flow external to the tubes is unmixed. Often, it is categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasize its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio. The plate fin and tube heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the aerospace industry, for its compactness and low weight. Different types of fin patterns, in addition to the plate, exist, such as louver, convex-louver, and wavy; however, in general, the plate fin tends to be the best in terms of performance and of constructional effectiveness. The tube geometry used in plate fin and tube heat exchangers is either circular or elliptical. The majority of the studies dealing with plate fin and tube heat exchangers have been conducted resorting to experiments. Shepherd [1] analyzed early experimental data for heat transfer of plate fin and circular tube heat exchanger. Later on, Schulemberg [2] extended the analysis to plate fin and elliptical tubes. Kayansayan [3] investigated experimentally the effects of the outer surface geometry on the performance of flat plain fin and circular tube heat exchangers with four-row coils. Jang et al. [4] studied fluid flow and heat transfer over a multi row (1–6 rows) plate-fin and tube heat exchanger both numerically and experimentally. They considered effects of different geometrical parameters such as tube arrangement, tube row numbers and fin pitch (8–12 fins per inch) for the Reynolds number (based on the fin spacing and the frontal velocity) ranging from 60 to 900 and observed an average heat transfer coefficient of staggered arrangement is 15%–27% higher than that of in-lined arrangement, while the pressure drop of staggered configuration is 20%–25% higher than that of in-lined configuration. Wang et al. [5] investigated experimentally heat transfer and pressure drop for plate fin and tube heat exchanger. Beecher et al. [6] reported heat transfer data for twenty wavy geometries. Kays et al. [7] analyzed heat transfer and pressure drop of heat exchanger with louvered fins. Achaichia et al. [8] experimentally studied the heat transfer and pressure drop of tube and louvered fin surfaces; later on the same authors [9] conducted a numerical study for flow in the laminar regime. Webb et al. [10] performed a flow visualization study of the louvered fin geometry with a flat tube. Sahnoun et al. [11] developed an analytical model for predicting air-side heat exchanger performance of louvered fin geometry. Rocha et al. [12] experimentally estimated the overall heat transfer coefficient of plate fin heat exchangers by considering circular and elliptical tubes. Kundu et al. [13] conducted a dimensional optimization for plate fin and tube heat exchangers with equilateral staggered triangular and rectangular pitch. Romero-Mendez et al. [14] used numerical techniques to estimate the effect of spacing between fins on heat transfer and pressure drop for single row fin and tube heat exchanger. Wang et al. [15] experimentally analyzed the effect of tube rows, fin pitch, and tube diameter on heat transfer and pressure drop for plate fin and tube heat exchanger. Wang et al. [16] presented correlations of the Colburn and friction factors for plate fin and tube heat exchangers. Saboya et al. [17] determined the average heat transfer coefficient for plate fin and elliptic tube heat exchangers using the naphthalene sublimation technique. Torikoshi et al. [18] numerically investigated a plain fin and tube heat exchanger. Erek et al. [19] numerically investigated the effect of fin geometry on heat transfer and pressure drop for plate fin and tube heat exchangers, but they used one particular mass flow rate of the flue gas. Abu Madi et al. [20] determined the effect of geometrical parameters of flat and corrugated fins and the results are presented in terms of Colburn and friction factors. The present work is focused on the numerical investigation estimation of heat flow, pressure drop, and temperature and velocity fields for the plate fin and tube heat exchanger with one row tube configuration; the analysis will be focused on the effect of fin spacing, ellipticity and fin height on the numerically predicted parameters.

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Lupine Publishers | Corrosion Protection of Aluminium in Sulphur dioxide Environment by the use of Nanocoating and Electrospray Techniques

Abstract

Aluminium is a very useful metal. It is easily converted into suitable forms so it fits for in various appliances like households, industries, aerospace, electronic, transport and other processes. It is produced corroding affect in sulphur dioxide environment. Al interacts with sulphur dioxide in presence of humidity to produce corrosive medium for its. It creates acidic environment for Al metal and forms corrosion cell on its surface. The electrode potential difference occur between Al|Al3+ anode and cathode H+|H2 thus corrosion reaction takes place on the surface of base metal and produces different forms corrosion like galvanic, pitting, stress, crevice, intergrannular etc. The organic compound terahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dioxime and zinc oxide electrospray were used for corrosion protection of Al in sulphur dioxide environment. The terahydro-dibenzo[a,d] [7]annulene-5,11-dioxime and ZnO electrospray formed composite barrier on aluminium metal that barrier produced a passive layer for sulphur dioxide. The corrosion rate of uncoated and coated aluminium studied in different temperatures, concentrations, humidity and duration of days. The corrosion rate of metal was determined by gravimetric and potentiostat techniques. The surface adsorption phenomenon of coating compound terahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene-5,11-dioxime and zinc oxide electrospray was studied by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm and Arrhenius equation. The composite barrier formation on the surface of aluminium by terahydro-dibenzo[a,d][7] annulene-5,11-dioxime and electrospray zinc oxide was studied by activation energy, heat of adsorption, free energy, enthalpy and entropy. The surface coverage area and percentage coating efficiency of coating and electrospray compounds results found to be high in sulphur dioxide medium. Both compounds developed composited in sulphur dioxide to be stable and also enhanced durability of aluminium metal.

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Lupine Publishers | Potential Opportunities for Development of Mechanical Engineering with The Context of Historical Evolution of This Engineering Branch

Short Communication

Mechanical engineering is not only one of the oldest engineering disciplines but also the broadest one, i.e., with the wide-scope as well as a large number of its branches. This engineering discipline requires a clear understanding of the principles of engineering physics, engineering mathematics, and materials science to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems such as mechanisms, devices, and machines. With a view to machines’ development, the progress of mechanical engineering advancement is often directly related to the course of civilization history. Therefore, it can be studied from many perspectives. Our attention often directs to significant particular forms or stages of civilization, which arisen throughout human history. One cannot forget about ancient cultures, both Greco-Roman (in Europe) and Chinese (in Asia), which adopted to a great extent and, then, developed often anonymous technical achievements of the first civilizations of the prehistoric period [1]. The illustrious ancient achievements had been followed by the technical culture of Islam, which not only systematized them but also improved a bit afterward. In the late Middle Ages, these achievements spurred European societies to search for new mechanical devices and, thus, the foundations were laid for the subsequent Renaissance. During the Renaissance and also after it, there was an excellent development of creative and innovative engineering thinking enshrined in treaties on machines, especially in the anthology of Italian, French as well as German technical literature. The Industrial Revolution was the culmination of all previous technological advances and which manifested itself by the transition of production processes from old manual methods to new ones supported by machines. Mechanical engineering may be treated as a precursor to many branches of engineering, including mechatronics that is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering and electronic engineering at least, to create controlled hybrid systems, thanks to which machines can be easily automated. Besides, the use of microprocessor-based digital embedded controllers, together with a wide selection of control software algorithms dedicated to these programmable microcontrollers, enables us to build specific pieces of automation equipment based on electric motors, servo-mechanisms, and other electrical systems. Mechatronic structures are the result of the evolution of mechanical objects, bearing in mind the development history of mechanical engineering. According to the conceptual block diagram shown in Fig. 1, the application of digital technologies in mechatronic systems has provided a very different approach to automatic control [2, 3]. Thanks to the use of modern digital computers, more and more often, in the case of advanced control methods, purely mathematic models of systems’ behavior and controllers’ algorithms are abandoned in favor of sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with the help of which control systems can learn about their environment and properly modify their behavior in conjunction with control based on knowledge to ensure their optimal performance. For this to be possible, advanced control systems must have sufficient computational capacity to create not only representative mathematical models of the controlled systems but also to modify their own adaptive control actions [4].

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Lupine Publishers | Experimental Investigation of a Spoiler’s Impact on the Flow Pattern of a High-Speed Sport Car

Abstract

In this study, the spoiler effect in a different angle of attacks that makes the maximum downforce is conveyed. Two different facilities are utilized to set up the experiment. A wind tunnel is used to measure the downforce and drag force, and a water tunnel is used to observe the velocity profile and flow field visualization. The result revealed that a 12° angle of attack is the optimal angle for designing the spoiler. Twelve degrees angle of attack provided the highest downforce. This downforce can improve the stability of high-speed sports car without increasing much drag. Compared to the angle of attack of 5°, the downforce of the angle of attack equal to 12° increases 233%, but the drag force only increases by 15% in wind tunnel experiments.

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Lupine Publishers |Syngas Compositions, Cold Gas and Carbon Conversion Efficiencies for Different Coal Gasification Processes and all Coal Ranks

Abstract

This Paper presents comparison of syngas compositions, for all coal ranks, as produced from different types of coal gasification processes currently in use, namely entrained flow, fluidized bed, and fixed bed gasifiers. Cold gas and carbon conversion efficiencies were investigated. The syngas composition varies with the applied gasification process. The importance of this research arises from the fact that gasifiers produce the environmentally clean fuel required to run any Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power system. A procedure was conducted to get estimates for bituminous coal. It is important to have knowledge of the chemical reactions which take place in each gasifier and the raw syngas produced from the specific reaction involved to develop an Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Power Generation plant with CO2 recovery in order to increase the cycle efficiency and mitigate CO2 emission and other pollutants. The results indicate that the entrained flow gasifier is the dominant one.

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Lupine Publishers | Bioleaching of Basic Metals from Electronic Waste PCBs

Abstract

E-waste is an emerging problem that has to be attending worldwide. The best way for E-waste management is recycling. Bioleaching is a novel method to extract metals from E-waste. In this research, bioleaching of Cu and Ni from an E-waste sample was examined using acidophil microorganisms. Different kinds of E-waste were purchased; the sample size reduced to lower than 100 microns. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was adapted to the 15 g/l of the E-waste sample. Eh, pH, bacterial count, and metal recovery were followed in a period of 25 days. By using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) identified Cu and Ni were recovered respectively 99% on 11th day and 98% on 14th day. The results of field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction before and after bioleaching emphasize the great efficiencyofbioleaching.

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Lupine Publishers | Overview of Known Alkaliphilic Bacteria from Bauxite Residue

Abstract

Alkaliphilic bacteria usually grow well at pH 9, and the most extremophilic strains can grow up to values as high as pH 12-13. This group of bacteria has the ability to metabolically reduce alkalinity and are tolerant of high concentrations of ions and metals. Interest in extreme alkaliphiles has been shown as they are sources of useful, stable enzymes, and the cells themselves can be used for biotechnological and other applications at high pH values. Many industrial processes produce highly alkaline waste that is contaminated with toxic trace metals/metalloid. Thus, using alkaliphilic microorganisms is considered an attractive alternative method for treating industrial alkaline residues. Bauxite refining is one of the activities that most produces highly alkaline waste. Alumina extraction from bauxite using concentrated sodium hydroxide in the Bayer process generates a slurry and an extremely alkaline (pH of 9 to 13) by-product known as bauxite residue or red mud. For each ton of alumina extracted from bauxite, approximately 1.5-2.0 tons of bauxite residue is generated. Disposal of such a by-product is a serious problem at alumina plants because of environmental risks and financial costs. Thus, it is very important to know bacteria that can survive in such an extreme environment since these bacteria could be used as a method for treating alkaline residues. Firmicutes have been described as one of the most representative bacterial phyla in bauxite residue, and the Bacillus genus as one of the most frequent. Different species of Bacillus have already been isolated from red mud and have shown great potential for the bioremediation process. For this reason, the aim of this article is to carry out a literature review on alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from red mud.

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Lupine Publishers | Effect of Annealing Process on Microstructure of SiC-Mg Mixture Powder

Abstract

SiC particles with 8wt.% magnesium alloy powders as additives were mixed followed by annealing at 280 and 400 ℃ for 1 and 4 h. The particle size, phase condition, morphology and compositions distribution were analyzed using laser diffraction analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that particles mixed homogeneously before annealing. Annealing processes have a positive effect on the decrease of magnesium alloy particle size. It has almost no effect on magnesium alloy particle size with increasing the annealing duration at 280 ℃. However, the diameter of magnesium particle decreased obviously with increasing the annealing duration at 400 ℃. Magnesium alloy particles annealed at 400 ℃ is smaller than that of the 280 ℃ ones under the same annealing duration. Si component was observed in powder annealed at both temperatures. Grain size of SiC was reduced and microstrain was improved with increase of annealing temperature and duration.

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Lupine Publishers | Geology and Petrology of Metavolcanic Rocks in the Neoarchean Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt, Eastern São Francisco Craton, NE Brazil: Tectonic Setting Considerations

Abstract

Field and petrological data of metakomatiite, eastern and western metabasalts and metadacite were used to propose an intraoceanic or intracontinental provenance for the Neoarchean Mundo Novo Greenstone Belt (MNGB), eastern São Francisco Craton. Despite deformation, the metakomatiite preserves the spinifex texture and the eastern metabasalt’s pillow lava structure. The metavolcanics are recovered by an ocean floor lithological association composed of chemical metasedimentary rocks and the western metabasalt hosts ocean floor hydrothermal alteration zones. The eastern metabasalt plots in the IAT and MORB fields and western metabasalt is mainly in the MORB field in the Zr vs. Zr/Y diagram, suggesting nearby oceanic settings. Heterogeneous crustal assimilation and metamorphism during the Rhyacian-Orosirian explain the mineralogical differences between the two metabasalts. The metakomatiite and metabasalts feature a vector from the MORB-OIB array to the volcanic arc array in the Nb/Yb vs. Th/Yb diagram, similar to the intraoceanic arc-basin system of the Archean greenstone belts. The average (La/Yb) N ratio of 8.87 for the metadacite indicates a crustal contamination in subducting oceanic crust. An intraoceanic provenance in arc-basin settings and oceanic crust assimilations are proposed for the Neoarchean MNGB, which was posteriorly compressed between cratonic blocks during the Rhyacian-Orosirian and lies in the Contendas-Jacobina Lineament.

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Lupine Publishers  | The Next Generation of Smart Structures with Embedded Sensor Capabilities

Abstract

In the first and second decades of the 21st century nanotechnology has given impetus to a new generation of materials namely smart materials. Having the abilities to transform in shape, to sense and correspond to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, sound, etc. and to counteract these, they excited the engineers into many new concepts like adaptive structures in aeronautics, active biomaterials and smart self-healing composite materials. This scheme was corroborated by the parallel progress in nanotechnology, as well as a real explosion in the additive manufacturing technologies, which enabled many types of sensors and smart or responsive nanomaterials to be incorporated into structural parts. This mini review paper provides an opinion on these new conceptual technologies such as 4D printing into the oncoming third decade of the century which has already been characterized as the era of nano - and bio- engineering.

Introduction

The beginning of the 21st century provided many interesting features in engineering. To begin with, the technology of high performance fiber reinforced composite materials, especially carbon fiber reinforced thermosets, reached their peak in maturity [1], thus commercial passenger aircraft such as the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A350 series are nowadays manufactured with a dead weight of more than 50wt% in high performance composites, attaining fuel economies of 20 or more percent [2]. The eve of nanotechnology provided further impetus to research with carbon based single and multiwall nanotubes [3] and other types of nanofibers [4] as further potential reinforcements but with no impressive results as yet. Also, since the discovery of graphene [5,6], new aspirations for materials with exotic properties were driving multibillion research worldwide but no real structural application has seen the light too.

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Lupine Publishers| Investigation Axial Global Directional in ANSYS Software of Concrete Mixed Beam Structures

Abstract

The model structure of the coordinated systems under the name of concrete-mixed beam structures using ANSYS 12.0 software was designed in 3D. Concrete mixture was selected as the element type of the model structure. Model prototype was created by measuring distance dependent with 16 coordinate points. Mesh segmentation was applied to the 3D concrete mixed beam model and 75 N/mm2 load and 32.174ft / sec2 acceleration motion were applied to the carrier systems. In the results of the application, global directional changes between the model groups were examined. As a result of the global investigations, ANSYS software has determined that the mechanical improvements should be at the joints where the beams connected to the axes and the concrete bases meet.

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Lupine Publishers | The Use of Air Jigging to Recycle Construction and Demolition Waste

Abstract

The recycling of Inert CDW in new concretes remains problematic. Only a part of this material can be used to substitute coarse aggregates in new concretes, mainly the liberated coarse aggregates from demolished concretes. This paper presents the processing of Inert CDW in air jigs aiming at concentrates with high concrete particle contents. The paper compares different studies carried out with laboratory air jigs aiming at a concentration of concrete particles, which can partially substitute coarse aggregates in new concretes.

Introduction

Nowadays, large quantities of CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) are produced worldwide: European Union between 310 and 700 million tons [1], United States 145 million tons [2], China about 1 billion tons [3], etc. In Europe, this waste represents over 30% of all solid waste generated [1]. Current CDW processing plants only separate light materials (such as plastics, paper, wood, etc.) and metal parts (ferrous and non-ferrous) after their comminution [4-6]. The remaining material is known as Inert CDW and basically contains bricks, tiles, plaster, concrete, mortar and coarse aggregate [7-9]. The main uses of Inert CDW in terms of quantities are sub-base material for road works, drainage layers, concrete production as a paving block, etc. [10]. It is estimated that around 20% of Inert CDW can be used as coarse aggregate in the formulation of structural concretes [11] They are basically coarse aggregates from demolished concretes liberated by comminution, which can be separated and concentrated by gravity concentration processes. Thus, between 60 and 150 million tons can be generated in Europe alone each year. In Europe, more than 2,800 million tons of aggregates of all types [12] are produced annually, which could be partially replaced by concentrated Inert CDW. With this partial replacement, 2 major problems can be tackled: the use of part of the generated CDW and the production decrease of new aggregates [11,13]. Several publications present the use and characterization of coarse aggregates in construction engineering [14-17]. Knowledge of the physical properties of different demolished concretes is extremely important to enable their recycling [6]. Features such as particle liberation of different components by comminution, liberation of coarse aggregates from cement paste, density and porosity of individual particles, etc., allow the use of techniques for the separation and concentration of species that can be used as coarse aggregate in new concretes. One of these techniques derived from mineral processing is Air Jigging, also known as Pneumatic Jigging.

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Lupine Publishers| Acid and Metalliferous Drainage–A Global Environmental Issue

Abstract

Acid and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) is a critical environmental problem worldwide. It occurs when sulfide minerals, primarily pyrite, oxidise chemically or biologically to produce acidic wastewater containing elevated concentrations of sulfate and toxic elements. This short paper presents a very brief and general introduction of AMD, with a specific focus on two categories of AMD remediation options including source- and migration-control. Some most recent examples of potentially viable and economically sustainable surface passivation strategies for AMD control at-source are briefly discussed in this review.

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