Understanding Logical Fallacies
If you’re just learning how to write essays or you want to improve your arguments in an essay, it’s important to look at logical fallacies. These explanations should help you avoid creating fallacies and help you find them when deconstructing others’ arguments. I will be using South Park to help explain the most commonly used logical fallacies.
Mr. Mackey is the perfect example of a circular argument. He uses the same argument in his premise to support his conclusion. For example, Mr. Mackey often says, “Drugs are bad M’kay. So don’t do drugs because they’re bad.” Mr. Mackey has shown no evidence for what makes drugs bad, he has just repeated his opinion.
Another fallacy is Post Hoc: one event is said to have caused a later event simply because it happened earlier. So, when Randy says the town getting a Whole Foods caused kids to come out as gay, he’s assuming no kids in South Park were gay before. The issue is he has no evidence the first event effected the second event.
Generalization is the fallacy of making a universal statement about a group of people with insufficient evidence. When Randy says Stan is “funny” or implying he’s gay, for only hanging out with Kyle, he’s making a sweeping statement about homosexuality. Randy is assuming that any boy spending most of his time with another boy must be gay. He’s generalizing homosexuality behaviour based on their society’s opinion instead of evidence.
A Red herring is an observation that draws attention away from the central issue in an argument or discussion. For example, Sharon talks to Stan about the merits of an individual vote when he’s actually concerned about disliking both candidates. The episode’s central issue was about being stuck with two undesirable choices, but everyone focuses on the privilege to vote. Red Herrings bring up unrelated topics and problems that don’t connect to the main discussion. In other episodes, Cartman often creates Red Herrings that distract from the central issue, by arguing about the “flaws” in Jewish people.
Bandwagon is an argument based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always right. This fallacy also makes the assumption that the majority is what’s normal and makes sense. For example, the Goth kids don’t want to “jump on the bandwagon” and wear clothes from the Gap like every other kid. The Bandwagon mentality is often about giving into status quo and not forming an opinion for yourself. Another bandwagon example is the episode all the guys in town dress metro-sexually, except for Kyle. The other boys tell Kyle he should dress metro-sexually because they decided to.
Slippery slope is assuming a course of action will lead to many consequences till an undesirable result happens. However, we can never know if a certain result is determined to follow one particular event. Cartman also displays this fallacy, as he often reacts delusional to topics he has little information on. For example, in the ginger kids episode, Cartman argues, “The ginger gene is a curse and unless we all work to rid the Earth of that curse, the gingers could envelope our lives in blackness for all time.” Cartman has no evidence of red haired people being inherently evil or dangerous. Instead, he let’s an irrational fear of ginger kids make him believe unlikely scenarios will occur.
Ad hominem is a personal attack based on the adversary’s flaws instead of the merits of the argument. When Mr. Garrison says he doesn’t trust women because they menstruate, he is attacking a biological aspect women can’t control, instead of pointing out an untrustworthy action or statement by the opponent.
Straw Man, is when the opponent’s argument is overstated or misrepresented to be easily refuted. For example, the journalist misrepresents Wendy’s argument against photo shopping pictures of women. He claims she is actually jealous and a “hater” to make her argument appear weak.
The either or/false dilemma is an argument where only two options are available, when there’s actually numerous alternatives.For example, Jimmy saying to Nathan he can only be a nice kid with no gun, or a bad kid with a gun. South Park episodes often use binary conflicts to show how ridiculous it is to think a situation only ever has two sides. When characters pressure the boys into thinking there is only two solutions to a problem, they often find there are many answers to the issue.
Finally, a non sequitur is an argument where the conclusion doesn’t follow logically from what preceded it. PC Principal often uses the fallacy to support his beliefs. For example, he argues that gay kids need support. However, giving money to kids for being gay is random and does not show tolerance towards them. There is no relevant connection between his claim and support for it. Hopefully these explanations help with your essay writing and general analyzing skills. Please go check out the blogs I used gifs from. :)