Worshipping Zeus - part I
Why is Zeus the Supreme God, King of Heavens, Mankind and Gods?
Or my humble attempt at reminding Tumblr of Zeus’ legitimacy (jk)
Let’s focus on Zeus’ roles. His main attribute is the sky and the weather, especially rain. From a modern point of view, it almost sounds mundane but it is not. At all. You can’t grow food during a drought, rain is vital. Whatever falls from the sky (or not) has an impact for those who live underneath it. Zeus lives on the peak of a mountain because this is where the clouds naturally gather and we know that he was worshipped on mountain summits.
Here are a few examples of epithets about his weather aspect:
nephelegereta “cloud gatherer”
kelainephes “black-clouded”
erigdoupos “very thundering”
terpikeraunos “rejoicing in lightning”
keraunobolos “lightning thrower”
I’m not going to list them all, Homer used 26 epithets for Zeus’s link with thunder alone… But here’s where it gets interesting: In Ancient Greek thought that Zeus is also drought. This brings us to this conclusion: Zeus controls the weather on a given day, so changes in weather can have a significance and can fall under the category of diosemia “sign from Zeus”. Because our understanding of time is linked to the sky and the astronomical phenomena we observe, Zeus is seen as the one ruling over time. Aratus explain this idea in 3rd century BC: we watch the constellations, which Zeus has fixed in the sky as signs for humans.
This logic, which ties Zeus to the idea of day-to-day events, of fate and divine timing, is also what explains why the Ancient Greek considered him as the bringer of victory. More especially, he was the god who determined the point at which there would be a (fortunate) turn of events. The Greeks viewed the concept in the context of battle and called him Zeus Tropaios. Yes, the English word “trophy” comes from there.
To come back to my initial question, I will quote Ken Dowden: “There is no need to trace an evolution from a weather god to a supreme god – all that does is to work out the logical connections between the two, or worse to separate out the constituent elements of his supremacy.”
Part II will maybe be about the societal role of Zeus, his justicial aspects etc…
Further reading:
Dowden, K., Zeus, Routledge, 2006
Larson J., Ancient Greek Cults: a guide, Routledge, 2007