Ethnography & Interview Exercise: Edale in the Peak District
For this field exercise in Edale , we worked with ethnography & Go -Along interviews, where we used a qualitative approach to create a basis for understanding Edale; as a place made up of human relations and discourses . The Go-Along interview method was the focus of our examination of concrete face-to -face relationships, social interactions , and the use and perception of the city as well as the surrounding countryside. However to figure out what Edale could be interpreted as, turned out to lead us in different directions of use and affiliation.
- Due to the focus on the "face -to-face" perspective of doing our research,a good starting point to for examining the interaction between the actual everyday-life and bodily uses of places, and how this unfolds in the lived life (see De Certeau 1984, Cook et al 2004 ; Watson and Till 2010) the geographical ethnography seems wellplaced for doing an analysis. As our empirical data will point out , there are many discourses about what Edale is , how people use / live life in Edale, and what is this village is perceived as.
As ethnography is a qualitative method which is context- focused, one has to be eager to learn, observe, understand , describe, analyze and communicate how people understand places and interact with each other in specific situations in specific places and times. The method is focused on social practice, with the aim of developing a deep / deeper understanding of individuals and group-culture and behavior in relation the physical structure of the place and the lived life . Ethnographic methods can however, also be used to distance oneself from what one already " understands or believes " , and through interviews , the researcher can achieve a new and deeper conception of the research area , which might challenge previous preconceptions ( Larsen & Maged 2011: 304
It is therefore important to note that the ethnographic approach involves, an understanding that ethnography is in a constant exchange between participant observation and reading of theory - between obtaining, interpreting and describing data (Pink 2006; O'Reilly 2009 cit in Larsen & Maged 2011:305 ) .
The Go -Along method
In her article " Street Phenomenology : The Go -Along method as an Ethnographic Research Tool " Margarethe Kusenbach introduces the "Go -Along " method and how to possibly apply it . Here she describes how this method differs from traditional ethnographic participant observation and interviews, and why the "Go-Along" method has the potential to improve access to some of the transcendent and reflexive aspects of everyday-life-experience in a given physical space (Kusenbach 2003 : 455 ).
The "Go -along" method was developed based on a phenomenological approach , where the researcher is placed in the " urban / rural " space along with willing informants , in order to have easier access to their experience and practice.
This unique location by the researcher in the field, alongside the informant, enables certain narratives and interactional dynamics that are usually limited by interview situations, separate from the space which is to be examined, and is therefore better suited to let informants articulate their feelings, opinions and experiences of the specific place. The "Go -Along " method therefore allows for a better insight into how individuals describe understandings of different areas - including how the interaction between individuals and the space is involved in forming identities (Kusenbach 2003:478 ) .
" Go -along " method is therefore argued as bringing greater phenomenological sensibility to ethnography, by allowing researchers to focus on different aspects of the everyday life, as the method makes visible and easier to articulate how everyday experiences and practices transcend the immediate, as the " Go -Along " method highlights the fundamental reflexivity that humans have with the physical world. This relationship between people and places can better be articulated as the research takes place in the space which is the focus of the research endeavor ( Kusenbach 2003:455-78 ) .
Arriving at Edale, Field Notes:
To illustrate our own positioning and preconception of Edale , I will include a short exert from my field notes; which is a subjective account about the arrival to the area and the village - Edale:
"The train has prepared for us on our arrival to Edale .
It has been a beautiful train-ride out of the " ruin "of Manchester, with its shattered factories, dilapidated warehouses, the ruined social housing projects and the large dump site, which decorates the scenery along the tracks, as you drive out of town in a south-easterly direction - towards the Peak District and Edale . - This southern part of the city, behind Piccadilly station; facing away from the inner city, must be the poor part of Manchester - I am thinking to myself as I watch the scenery pass by.
When we get outside of Manchester, the the trees and the natural landscape starts to set the mood - and we can see the old cultural landscape with its characteristic " enclosure " stone fences that characterize the hilly landscape outside the windows. We pass an old " mill" , which most likely has produced cotton products in "recent" history. The factory stands as a monument to a bygone era - it must have been one of the first factories in the era of industrialization, because it was run on hydro power, and not steam. - We continue a few stations further, away from the city, out into the hilly landscape. The tour is very beautiful, and lasts approx. 45 min , and I'm happy when we arrive at Edale , ready to experience another area, and I am completely devoid of Manchester's urban environment, even if the joy of being in nature is a reminder of where we just came from. "
First impressions of Edale :
On arrival at the station we decide to film ourselves and our first impressions of Edale , as part of using ourselves as outsiders in the study of the city. Since we have not been to the city before , this seemed a reflexive ethnographic perspective to include - as we where trying to get a situational and sensual understanding of the area, before we began to make an interview guide. In this way we though it better to figure out what might be particularly interesting to examine and ask our furutre informants about - and important even in picking out our enformants as the users of the village were there for very different reasons with different histories of the place.
Also, we thought that our articulation and video documentation of our impressions of the city , could be interesting to watch in the future - to see if our interviews would confirm or deny us our first impressions.
After a walk through the city , we all agreed that the village was/is very picturesque , but it almost becomes too " Walt Disney ", and did not feel as if the city was especially authentic . Everything seemed to be planned, and we couldn't help but be critical of this otherwise beautiful idyllic village , surrounded by a stunningly beautiful natural landscape . At one point even some chickens, running around freely in a garden seemed to stand prepared to have their "picture taken", frozen in a picture perfect stance.
- We decide to look into this town idyll, as well as people's sense of belonging to this place - (our loose interview guide was formed this way).
The First informal Interviews:
During the first informal interviews (made without camera ) , with a craftsman , a cyclist from Sheffield and a local man in the area , we got a first impression of what the village offers.
We fell into a conversation with a craftsman, who was in the process of renovating a house for a married couple who want to use this old barn building as a country home. The idea is that it all should look old , but everything in this house is modern and has internet, a dishwasher, insulated windows and heated floors. The craftsman, when asked, thought that Edale is a very idyllic and lovely place , and his dog (which he brings to work) seemed relaxed sleeping on the front seat of the van while we talked.
We went on to ask an older man about Edale, as he was standing by his garden gate - greeting a passing car (his neighbor ). He was in the process of washing his orange BMW, when we fall into conversation with him. He explained that he had earned his money in "the offshore " industry, and told us ( as we said we come from Denmark ) that he had been working in Aalborg at one time in his career. He moved to Edale approx. 30 years ago, and now thinks of themselves as local. He explained that Edale has much to offer , not least the local community , nature, and the two local pubs. He was also happy that Edale is within a reasonable driving distance by car and train from Sheffield and Manchester , as the bigger city's entertainment is never far away. He also told us that the last house sold in Edale took less than 2 weeks to sell, and was incredibly expensive - implying that Edale is becomming a quite posh place to be , even in times of Crisis .
After a brief talk about our impressions of the city , we split up into two teams to film some informants . However , before we (Mark , Jan and Sune ) begin filming , we fall into conversation with a exerciser who has cycled from Sheffield to Edale . The man is from France but has lived in Sheffield for the last 20 years and like here nature , and loves to run those long trips - when the weather all is dry. He does not think much of Edale 's idyll , and seems that this is a " Fony culture" . He does not believe that there is a very "local " back up here , and suggest that such is no agriculture more - only tourists and people with money , and that people "are beying the dream ." It is now ( in his opinion ) rich people from Manchester and Sheffield who live up here , and he thinks that the many cafés , great pubs and delis reveals that it is the nouveau riche tenants that now defines the area who buys herself the " staged" idyll. The man has traveled a lot , and we fall short of talk that he has been at the conference in Copenhagen ( but he apologizes that he was only there for 1 day, and therefore did not seen so much of the city) . He is very interested in urban planning, and we find it hard to finish this otherwise interesting conversation - to start our video interviews. He adds, before we leave, that we must look into an English geographer named Dany Dorling as he might be a help to us in our work.
There are many mixed impression of Edale , however, it remains to the town appears idyllic, and very neat and cosy. Apparently there are some that seem view this as superficial and staged , while there are also those who seem to surrender to it and bey into it.
- We begin to reflect on ourselves : there is basically nothing wrong with this idyll , or is it just that we are sceptical, and don’t " buy the dream " ? - we continue our interviews to learn more about this .
We split up into two groups ( a 3 man group and a 2 man group) , and begin to find informants to interview and who are willing to be filmed while we go for a walk.
Interview with a Mature Women; done by Christian & Karin
Karin and I (Christian) met an elderly lady who has some errands in town. She says we may walk with her and do our interview while she does her erinds.
The lady has lived in Edale all her life, but her family has not lived here for generations. Actually it her father bought a building and made it into an inn, which he sold in the 1960’s. Her father came from Manchester, where he worked in the cotton industry . The lady explained that it was great growing up in Edale, with the long holidays and the nature surrounding the town. She was especially fond of agriculture, and has worked with mixed farming through out her working career. In her time people could get by with only twelve dairy cows ! She has lived here her entire life, and she certainly could not imagine having to be moved to Manchester.
It is a very old village, her own house is from the 70’s, but there are houses that date back to the 1600s . - How long does it take to become a local, we ask her ? possibly an entire generation , the lady replies.
She now enters a private house, as she has a letter deliver. We figure out that it is the locals that dispatch and deliver the letters in Edale. The lady seems to know the woman at the house quite well, and they spend a good deal of time conversing about different things. It's her first errand in Edale. We are on a side street off the main street waiting for her to finish her conversation and Karin starts think that it is getting a little awkward to stand and wait for the lady , as it is actually taking quite a long time for her conversation to end. We talk about how it might be typical of the village life, or maybe just for the elderly - that they generally ' take better time ' here, and that interaction forms may also become longer at this place as people know each other better (aka. Locals delivering the mail).
As we move on to the lady's next errand, we walk along something that I would describe as a shortcut for the locals. It is a narrow way, with weeds growing all over it - The lady likes living in the village, ' the countryside ' , and she does not really like too many visitors. It is the familiar face she appreciates. She has noticed the increasing number of people who are starting to come to Edale , but she does not feel exhibited almost the opposite . She states that the people are blasé and absent. It's as if they do not see what is around them when they are here, because they are too busy talking or doing other things . - The lady says that they have did farming to get rich, it was a way to stay alive and have something to do.
The lady is now on her second errand, delivering two letters. The first letter is for a woman who has to clean a cabin, next to where she lives. Her brother is visiting at the moment and using the hut , so she doesn’t want it cleaned up before he has gone. The second letter is for someone to get collect two boxes of envelopes with the church logo’s on - for charity. It is apparently normal for the lady to deliver letters to residents in Edale, where she will also be able to inform you about whats going on in the village. Not phone , no sms , no internet .
She says that there is a good relationship between neighbours in Edale, they have a ' community house ' in the center of the city . Here they have everything, she says. ' Preschool groups ' scouts ' Jazz group ' use it, and she herself is an active member of the ' community house ' . She helps to keep a "magazine " about what’s going on in the village , but she is 81 years old, so she is beginning to take it easy . She is also active in the church work, which takes a lot of effort, she says. But there are now almost no members left at the church, she says.
Karin asks the lady if she herself has been much in the wild. " Sure ," she says , but it has mostly been associated with their farming. There has not really been time for anything else. She wishes she had walked some more, but she has simply been too busy with agriculture. She says that you are very aware of nature when you are part of a farm . - She says that her father was part of a hiking group, and it was terrible. The goal was just to go as far as possible. They nearly didn’t stop to get food . One of her friends got a leg injury, not from going to the dance, but from the ' trek ' . This seems clearly seems absurd to the lady!
It is a small community, and relatively easy to keep track of what is going on in the area. For her this is a positive thing. There has been a few newcomers to Edale , and it depends if they participate in the ' community' or not, says the lady . But she does not see some cultural differences, between those who have been here for a long time and the new. It's just a question of whether they choose to participate or not.
- There are far fewer dealing with rural professions now however, because a small farm can no longer make a profit. So it is better to cater for tourists or commute to jobs in Manchester, where people earn their money. The lady has a hard time thinking about what the future will bring for Edale . The council has just made two buldings historic, and preserved them, and it has become more expensive to live in Edale. So it's more wealthy people who settle here now .
Before we go on our way, the lady tells us about her grandson and daughter , who attended school in Denmark , and in Kenya. Edale really seems to be both connected internally and outside of this small rural community – even globally.
Interviews with married couples (Mark , Jan & Sune ):
After talking to a French cyclist from Sheffield, we fall into a conversation with an elderly couple from Dorby (which are obviously tourists, as the big map and the rucksack, and the direction of the trail reveals this). They agree that we can interview them - even though we all think it's a little strange that one of us has a camera on his head - but we all get used to it fast.
When we ask about how they heard about Edale, the man tells us that they found an article in their local newspaper "the Dorby Telegraph", describing a beautiful trekking route in Edale. At the same time as going on the trek, the couple also ordered a romantic evening and morning in the village, as they booked an overnight stay at a local Bed & Breakfast. They let the kids take care of themselves at home, while they have a romantic break, and they seem happy in each other company. We apologize if our intrusion interferes with their romantic "get away" , but they seem okey with it and actually seem to think that it 's funny that we are wanting to interview them.
They have driven by car and parked by their BnB, as there are not so many parking spots in Edale for non- paying guests. We catch them when they are on their way out of Edale , heading towards the trekking route outside the village. They seem very concerned with their maps and finding the right path , as indicated in the article.
They like the village and the old sandstone buildings, which are nice and charming. When we ask about its appearance, their intuitive responses is that Edale is very homogeneous in its form , and that the new houses and refurbishment of the old , surely must follow a specific period guide style - since the city is so nice.
The couple is often on trekking tours around the UK and are very happy that they can get out and experience the country in this way . They also have more time for that now, as the man is now working part-time , and the children are now old enough to " move out " even if they still live at home.
They are fascinated by the landscape of the Peak District. The conversation now begins to centre around Derbyshire - their hometown , which has gone through a long period of decline ( like Manchester ). We are told that the large factories in the city are mostly closed, and how the hospitality industry (which the man working in ) has suffered from the loss of the many jobs in the city. They think it is good that their son has begun a military career, because there are better options for his future in the military, than to find something meaningful to do in Dorby - he was studying to be an aircraft mechanic in the airforce.
At the top of the first big hill , we say goodbye and wish them a good, cozy and romantic trip in the mountains.
Concluding comments on Interviews:
As our empirical data shows there are many discourse and a variety of lifestyles, that cross each other in Edale. Our use of ethnography, informal interviews and the 'go along ' approach gave us some insight into the qualities of the everyday life in the village . The interview with the older lady gave us both an insight into her daily life in Edale, as well did the informal talk with the carpenter, a local resident and the couple who seemed to be more concerned with having a “romantic experience" together. All the above mentioned people were positively inclined towards Edale, and it was only the cyclist that stood critical of this idyllic village.
There are several places in our informants reflexively portrays their own historical context in the village and outside it. During the conception of the historical context, and the everyday practice, has showed the ' go along ' approach has many strengths in being placed in the same space with the informant as is being talked about. – As an example, as we followed our informants around, their consciousness naturally directed itself towards the world around as we walked and talked. In this way is is easier to recall and access stories that stick to Edale, and where specific places trigger a specific recollection, though or feeling.
Besides being able to take advantage of the informants' own stories in relation to specific spatial artefacts, which also influences the interview as we move through our interviews, so does the ' go along ' approach also allow to observe actions in the space we are looking at, and document this through the use of the camera . All the unspoken , implicit , appears through the movements and patterns. Elements that would otherwise have been invisible, in a 'traditional ' interviews, or an image or a voice recorder, is better caught by the camera.
We subsequently noted, and in dialogue with our lecturers, that by placing the camera on ourselves , rather than the informant , we actually missed being able to have that point of view of what elements the informant is looking at. If therefore, it is possible for the informant to carry the camera helmet him/herself, it would thus provide additional strength to the method.
However, we also think critically of this approach, as we suspect that if we give an informant a camera on his head, one might change ones behaviour. Perhaps a romantic trip to the mountains would not be the focuse of the experience, rather than a camera on ones head ?
All in all, the trip to Edale has been enlightening , not least shown the deep complexity of a small village
Discussion of field notes and written representation:
The main task presents its own field notes and summaries of interviews from Edale in combination with a continuous reflection on method, incorporates a first analytical layer, as the selection and presentations of our data, both our own experiences and informants' statements represents a reworking, which both occurred on site and subsequently in writing assignments process. In this way, the city's social and cultural identities attempted produced continuously throughout the project via this presentation. A further analysis, which is meant to crystallize our actual analytical results , as interpretations of the primary selection and presentation of our data is the final conclusion and summation of our field-trip to Edale.
Analysis
Edale seems at first as a quiet, rural village where time and the state of affairs are at a near standstill. Upon closer inspection, one discovers that the place in many ways is about moving physically, socio - economic and temporally. For example, there are many ways to move through the village , as well as several different ways to look at the city and nature. We hear from the old lady, a sigh as the many tourist urgently walk through the village, to get to nature, which they trek through as fast as possible, without having time to stop and look at the fantastic scenery – or worse yet, they risk injuring themselves from the fast pace.
We know that the village is at the starting point of a longer hike route to Scotland, which has traditionally been used as a kind of rite of passage for British men. In this perspective, she may have a point in that nature becomes a kind of backdrop, where movement and exertion, stands at the center of the experience of this environment and place. This perspective also touches opon how the village and the countryside is seen and perceived. As the example of the couple shows, they have come to Edale to experience an articles depiction of the idyll, and have furthermore come to town and the countryside to look and find each other. Moreover, the couple inform themselves from a description read in an article, and go to great trouble to find the right route , instead of doing as the old lady prescribes, which would be just to stop and enjoy nature.
There are so many different speeds and routes in the city , which defines the way the city is looked at and perceived. You can add to this the cyclist, which may be said to have a high speed due to his bike, and that he is not inclined to consider the city's so-called idyllic, as it attractive for him. The city is in this fast- conception a backdrop for most, except perhaps the old lady who has actually lived there all his life. But even from her, we hear how it is important that the town retains its old expression and all modern facilities must , as it were, be hidden behind sandstone facades in accordance with the 1600s construction methods .
Socio - economically , the city is moving, when we learn that there is a great change in demography from a primarily agriculture-based population to a commuter community of educated and newly rich people. We talked to a man who had made a fortune, from the off-shore industry, and who moved to Edale. Even the old lady, who one might consider to be "native" – born and raised in Edale, was born in the city precisely because a similar migration, - her father had earned enough money in Manchester's cotton industry to buy an inn in Edale .
The city is in many ways connected with the rest of the world, which lifts it out of our immediate assumption that it was a small community only oriented towards the introvert. Instead we found, that a large part of the population commute, while there is a constant stream of visitors from near and far. Most people we talked to, also mentioned how they have some affiliation with Denmark or Copenhagen, which shows that Edale is not a terminus far out in the country, but rather it is an internationalized city in a local, regional and global network.
One can say that Edale is just another node in the global network, a part of the market, the entertainment industry, a place to grow old and grow up, a place to live but not work, which holds an idea of nature and the village life which is different for different users. And why should this city not be touched by the world's movements, even despite the great efforts to maintain a local sandstone outer expression. We found that it is not.