UAV aerial survey terrain data + BIM
In the traditional road construction scheme optimization decision-making process, the technicians often bring the design drawings to the site, survey the surrounding environment according to the topographic features, and analyze the relationship between the site topography and the design intent. Li Bin et al. based on DEM data and interpolated them to establish a topological relationship through triangulation to obtain visual terrain. Nie Qi-Detail uses a digital topographic map to divide the rule grid, and then calculates the grid point elevation based on the contour points to construct a three-dimensional terrain model. Du Yangyang and other applications of the UAV acquired data to map large-scale topographic maps and establish terrain models; Zhao Yuan applied drone oblique photography to map large-scale topographic maps of urban areas, improving the efficiency of mapping, reflecting the unmanned The machine gets the efficiency of the digital terrain.
In the BIM application of road engineering construction, the BIM model is used to calculate the engineering quantity or to apply the collision check between the design structures. The construction environment of urban road engineering is complex, and the traffic facilities along the line and the surrounding landforms change frequently. The traditional operation mode needs to carry the drawings repeatedly to the site for reconnaissance and verification, and the efficiency is low, and it is impossible to intuitively understand whether the design structure and the surrounding environment are harmonious and beautiful. Based on this situation, it is proposed to use the UAV to acquire the aerial survey terrain and integrate it with BIM technology to create a urban road construction environment model to quickly obtain the terrain environment of the surrounding area.
1 Basic principles and processes
The UAV aerial survey can quickly acquire the real-time 3D terrain model, which can be directly used to measure coordinates, distance, area, slope, fill and excavation, etc., to facilitate the rapid update of the real-time model of the construction environment, and make the BIM design model complex and changeable. Real-life presentation in the construction environment. The road design model created by BIM is matched with the real environment model obtained by UAV aerial survey to establish a three-dimensional model (referred to as “construction environment model”) that can truly reflect the spatial relationship between the design structure and the complex construction environment. Real-time, measurable, visual, traceability and other features can provide a decision-making basis for engineering construction management.
(1) Applying the UAV tilt photogrammetry method to obtain the original image data of the terrain in the construction area, processing the image data, and generating a real-life 3D terrain model with the project construction coordinate attributes through the empty three calculation and coordinate transformation.
(2) Under the unified project construction coordinate system, the real-time 3D terrain model point cloud format data is merged with the construction structure design model created by BIM technology to create a construction environment model based on the real-life 3D background.
(3) When the working conditions change, the terrain model can be updated by the drone aerial test; when the design changes, the design model can be updated by the BIM module.
(4) This module can be used to realize real-time roaming of working conditions, collision check of design model and terrain model, measurement of spatial information, construction simulation, research and analysis of environmental conditions of engineering projects, etc., optimization and simulation for construction schemes, Provide construction project planning, engineering measurement, etc. to provide image and data information, and provide a basis for rapid decision-making for urban road construction construction plan optimization and schedule adjustment in complex environments.
The modeling system consists of four parts: topographic raw data acquisition module, terrain original data processing module, parametric BIM model module, parametric model fusion and application module (see Table 1).
Table 1 Composition of the construction environment model modeling system
No. System Module Module Function
1 Terrain raw data acquisition module Terrain raw data acquisition
2 Terrain raw data processing module Terrain data processing, 3D terrain format file generation
3 Parameterized BIM Model Module BIM Modeling
4 Model fusion and application module UAV terrain + BIM parametric model fusion and application
The process flow of the construction environment model is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Establishing the construction environment model process
2 Acquisition of aerial survey terrain model of drone
(1) Collect construction drawings and materials to verify the scope of construction;
(2) Reporting in the aerial survey area;
(3) UAV test and inspection before flight;
(4) Coordinate measuring equipment testing and inspection;
(5) Consumables preparation.
2. 2 Aerial survey environment survey
(1) Survey of aerial in the environment along with the project: The height distribution of structures within the scope of the main survey area is determined, and the altitude of the drone is determined.
(2) Project along with the route 5 km External environment survey: There are military restricted zones, airport take-off, and landing routes and other no-fly zones in the target range.
2. 3 Aerial survey area planning
According to the design drawings, construction scope and other requirements, determine the aerial survey area and flight plan and prepare the flight plan.
2. 4 image control point settings
According to the measurement accuracy requirements, the performance of the drone and the terrain of the survey area, the image control points are set and the coordinates of the image control points are determined as the reference for image coordinate matching.
(1) The image-controlled drone is generally set to uniformly set the image control point every 500 m or so. Encryption settings are required when the terrain fluctuations are large. The drone with the GNSS RTK system can obtain the photo center coordinates of the image exposure time in real-time and can set some image control points in the location where the terrain fluctuation changes greatly according to the precision.
(2) The image control point adopts a color spray pattern (printing a cross symbol with a radius of 0.5 m on the ground or cardboard) to ensure that the center of the symbol can be clearly distinguished in the captured image. When the printed cardboard is used as the image control point, the cardboard can be recycled and reused.
(3) The image control points shall be numbered according to the route direction, and the coordinates may be measured by GNSS RTK measurement or total station wire.
2. 5 Aerial survey area and flight parameter settings
According to the drone flight plan, the parameters are set. When special conditions are encountered during the field implementation (such as insufficient battery or weather), the flight parameters can be adjusted according to the actual situation on site.
(1) Set the aerial survey area in the terrain original data acquisition system, and set the flight route of the unmanned aerial vehicle in the planned aerial survey area according to the steps prompted by the system, and set the relevant flight parameters, as well as the camera shooting angle, shooting interval, and heading overlap. , side overlap, drone flight speed, etc. The flight altitude is determined based on the site survey, and the flight height of the unmanned aircraft should be higher than the maximum structure of the flight area by more than 5 m.
(2) Each flight route is numbered and stored in the system database so that the image data can be compensated according to the original line if the image data quality is poor or the image is lost.
(3) Upload the flight line data to the drone operation database while the flight control system is connected to the drone, and ensure that the transmission process continues.
After the parameters are set, the drone should be tested, check the camera shooting during flight, the flight path execution, the storage of image data, and the clarity of the image points on the image data.
2. 7 Real-time terrain image data acquisition
(1) Determine the parameters according to the flight test situation of the drone and carry out the acquisition of the full-line image data; the image data of each aerial survey area is separately exported and numbered.
(2) Perform a preliminary inspection of the raw data of the whole line to ensure the integrity of the data, and then import the data processing software to generate virtual 3D terrain; if there is a missing image block, it should be compensated according to the actual missing range until the image data is 100% complete. .
2. 8 Real-time terrain image data processing
(1) According to the number of each route, import the complete image data into the processing software in turn, and check whether the number of imported images is consistent with the number of images in the original data folder.
(2) Set the spatial reference system to the engineering construction coordinate system corresponding to the control point; import the control point coordinate parameter information into the data processing software; find the image that can see the ground identification control point on the image, and import the file data with The coordinate point numbers correspond one-to-one; find the image in which the control point can be seen in the 3D view; according to the 2D and 3D views, find the matching image and associate it with the control point.
(3) After the parameter information is associated, save the data.
(4) Perform the first aerial triangulation calculation.
(5) Complete the matching of all control points with the identification points on the image.
(6) Perform the second aerial triangulation calculation.
(7) Check the root mean square accuracy of the projection error (all values should be less than 0.6). If the accuracy does not meet the requirements, the image and coordinate control points should be re-matched.
2. 9 Real-life 3D terrain production
(1) Run the modeling software, create a new project, and select a spatial reference system. The dicing mode is set to the regular plane grid.
(2) The parameter selection is in the form of 3D mesh, and the format is changed to OpenSceneGraph binary (OSGB); at the same time, the coordinate system is set to the engineering construction coordinate system.
(3) Generate a three-dimensional terrain model of the aerial survey of the drone.
3 BIM parametric model establishment
(1) Prepare a BIM modeling implementation plan based on the engineering project design drawings;
(2) According to the mission requirements, based on the construction drawings, establish the project's family library documents to prepare for the modeling of the main structure;
(3) According to the modeling environment of the engineering project, the coordinate system of the modeling software system is set to be consistent with the aerial survey terrain coordinate system of the drone;
(4) Simplify the project CAD drawings, remove redundant lines, and determine the modeling base point of the BIM project;
(5) Based on the project basis, the CAD graphics are imported into the BIM modeling software as the basis for the establishment of the parametric model;
(6) Complete the creation of the BIM model through the pre-established library files and manual modeling.
4 UAV terrain data + BIM model matching fusion
4. 1 Model fusion based on third-party software terrain data software
Save the BIM model as an FBX format file (the FBX format file preserves the parameterized information of the model). Convert the FBX format file to a 3DS format file with parameterized information, and then import the BIM model into the terrain data software that has opened the processed model. Coordinate transformation parameter settings are required during the import process to ensure accurate integration of the BIM model and the terrain model.
4. 2 Model fusion based on BIM software
The UAV terrain is converted into a PCD point cloud format file and imported into the BIM software environment containing the BIM model. The coordinate conversion parameter setting is required during the import process to ensure the accurate combination of the BIM model and the terrain model.
4. 3 Model fusion based on 3D effect software
Select the OBJ format file as the final terrain model file, and convert the BIM model into an FBX format file, and merge the drone terrain with the BIM model through the file import function of 3D Max software. During the import process, coordinate transformation parameter settings are required to accurately match the BIM model with the terrain model to form a construction environment model.
4. 4 Quality Control Measures
(1) Review the coordinates and elevation of the image control points before the aerial photography operation;
(2) In the image data processing process, ensure that the coordinate points of the image control points and the center of the image control point are accurately matched;
(3) If the image imaging is not clear or the image information is not completely blocked by the building, it should be partially filled or re-flyed;
(4) Sampling the coordinates and elevation of the terrain feature points, comparing the coordinates obtained by the terrain model with the measured coordinates, and checking the actual accuracy of the terrain model. When the point deviation exceeds the accuracy of the corresponding scale topographic map, the reason should be analyzed and taken The image data is reprocessed by encrypting the image control points;
(5) Before the BIM model is integrated with the terrain model, the model must be checked to ensure that the design model is consistent with the design drawings;
(6) The terrain model coordinate system should be accurately matched with the BIM design model coordinate system to the engineering construction coordinate system, so that the spatial position of the construction environment model created after the fusion is exactly the same as the construction coordinate system.
5 Project examples and conclusions
Hangzhou Lushan Road Lifting and Reconstruction and Underground Integrated Pipe Gallery Project: The ground road is the main road of the city, with 6 to 8 lanes in both directions. The original road reconstruction length is about 1.52 km. The main project scope includes 1. 52km of ground road and about 1 viaduct. 52 km, underground pipe gallery about 1. 9 km, 1 ground bridge, 1 pedestrian bridge, drainage and related ancillary works. The road traffic change has a large workload, the houses and pipelines are densely covered, and the construction environment is complicated.
The three-dimensional real-time terrain model within the construction scope is established by using the drone as the basis for establishing the construction environment model (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 UAV aerial survey 3D terrain model
Create a BIM parametric model based on the engineering design drawings. The BIM model of the pedestrian bridge, the ground bridge pile foundation and the pier column foundation is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Engineering structure BIM model
The BIM model of ground bridges, viaducts, pedestrian bridges and other structures are merged with the UAV aerial survey terrain model to establish a construction environment model (Figure 4).
Through the analysis of the construction environment model, the complex construction environment can be visually displayed, and the spatial position relationship between the structure and the on-site road and house can be seen at a glance. It is possible to confirm the boundary and quantity of demolition houses from the construction environment model indoors, determine the scope and plan of road relocation, and provide reference basis and planning carrier for the planning of the temporary construction project and the layout of the construction site, and simulate the construction plan during the construction process. Analysis, comparison, and model-based area measurement, volume measurement, and coordinate measurement provide accurate spatial information data, and the updated aerial survey terrain time is only 1/3 of the traditional digital mapping model.
Figure 4 Converged construction environment model
(1) Under the conditions of complex urban roads, the construction of the construction environment model by the UAV aerial survey method has a simple operation process, and can quickly update the real-life model in time with the progress of the project to ensure the current situation of the environmental model.
(2) Measurement of coordinates, distance, area, and slope directly in the model
Accessories:http://www.mmcuav.com/accessories/
https://mmcuavbobby.blogspot.com/