Passionate Polyglot

My name is Kyoka and I'm a Japanese living in the United States. I'm aspiring to become an intrepreter!

[shogikappa]

I was practicing nasals during a lesson when a teacher asked “Whose phone is vibrating”. Then I realized.

[speutschlish]

Question words in various languages

Tell me the question words in your language!

[reetheaded]

Armenian: ov? inch? yep? our? inch bes? inchou? inch kan?

Arabic: m’nou? sh’nou? yemta? wen? shlon? lesh? besh?

[50shadesofpolyglot]

Farsi/Persian: ki, chi, kei, koja, chetori, chera, cheghadr

[bilingualmalfoy]

Norwegian: hvem? hva? når? hvor? hvordan? hvorfor? hvor mye?

[teacupful-of-languages]

Finnish: kuka? mitä/mikä? milloin? missä? miten/kuinka? miksi? kuinka paljon?

[damnlanguages]

Icelandic:  Hver? Hvað? Hvenær? Hvar? Hvernig? Af hverju? Hvað mikið?

[bist-mir-wichtig-braitsch]

Swedish:

Vem

Vad

Nar

Var

Hur

Varför

Hur Mycket

[lazypolygl0t]

Chi? Cosa? Quando? Dove? Come? Perchè? Quanto?

[lazypolyglot]

Bosnian: Ko? Šta? Kad? Gdje? Kako? Što? Koliko?

[languageoclock]

Dutch: wie wat wanneer waar hoe waarom hoeveel

[movingtoanewblogbye-deactivated]

*heavy breathing*

[bosniaofficial]

Russian:

Кто (kto)

Что (shto)

Когда (kogda)

Где (gde)

Как (kak)

Почему/ зачем (pochemu/ zachem)

Сколько (skol’ko)

[signinggifs]

Like- as in “enjoy” or “appreciate”

[With the palm towards the body the dominant hand moves from “open 8″ with the thumb and middle finger open and pointing towards the chest and then the hand is moved away from the chest to “8″ where the middle finger and the thumb are touching]

Relationships Vocabulary - ASL

[themedicalstate]

How Learning A New Language Changes Your Brain And Your Perception

Learning a foreign language opens us up to new experiences, work opportunities, and allows us to meet people we may never have otherwise. More than that, research has shown learning a language can also physically change brain structure and adjust perception.

When we learn a language, we create new neural pathways in our brain, which can lead to noticeable changes. The left hemisphere is generally believed to be the logical part of the brain and is where many of our language skills originate. However, a 2012 Swiss study observed that learning a foreign language later in life is associated with thickening of the cerebral cortex — a layer of neurons specifically responsible for memory, thought, consciousness and, of course, language. This increased thickness can lead to better memory and sharper thinking later in life.

Learning a new language doesn’t just change the physical makeup of the brain. Based on a theory known as linguistic relativity, learning a new language can also change the way we see the world. This is specifically true in relation to our color perception. For example, Japanese speakers have far more words to describe the color blue, and as a result are generally able to see more shades of blue than English speakers. On the other side of the spectrum, the Himba tribe of Namibia in Southern Africa have only five words to describe all the colors in the world. Researchers have observed that, without a word for the color blue, the Himba struggle to tell it apart from green — an easy feat for English speakers.

Infographic by the team at Sunbelt Staffing

[signinggifs]

Finland

pointer finger of the dominant hand taps chin twice

ASL II Unit 15 - Countries

[nihongogogo]

Japanese Dialects Masterpost

Dialects can be fun and offer cultural insight. They may be useful to learn, though usually only if you have geographical links to a specific area of Japan- perhaps you have family there, personal heritage there, you live there, or are going to do a language exchange in a specific area. Linguists may also be interested just because they are really interesting.

In almost all instances for non-Japanese people learning to understand a dialect when it’s spoken/written (rather than produce it in your own speech) would suffice for communication. As far as I can see the best reason to learn to actually speak a dialect is because you want to communicate with elderly people from that region specifically; most young people have had far more media exposure so they can easily use ‘standard Japanese’/ Tokyo dialect.

If a non-native Japanese speaker learns a dialect and can’t speak standard Japanese, they may find they are seriously limited in conversations and people will inevitably find it weird. They might just find they are incomprehensible:

’I spent three years living in Nemuro, the easternmost town in Hokkaido. […]  Hokkaido-ben is often misunderstood outside Hokkaido, Nemuro-ben can’t be understood even in the next town over. So it’s basically useless unless you’re planning a trip to Nemuro (which I would recommend.) However, it does show how many variations there are in dialect, even within one island.’ [Tofugu, my emphasis]

Someone with a low communicative ability in English who could only speak using Cockney rhyming slang, but didn’t know standard English unfortunately would sound ridiculous to natives of that area. It would seem crazy to know ‘You’re ‘aving a bubble mate!’, but not ’You must be joking!’. They’d sound odd and in many instances their language would sound antiquated. Be aware that you may well get a similar reaction if you pepper your speech with regional dialect as a non-Japanese person without being conversationally fluent in standard Japanese. I’m not saying don’t learn dialects, please do if they interest you, learning to understand them when you hear them, rather than necessarily use them in your own speech, is a great idea. If you want to speak in them, please try to do it all in good time and in a respectful way that is not accessorizing the language and culture.

For beginners:

Many of the resources here will be only in Japanese, as this post is aimed at higher intermediate and advanced learners. The section below is in mostly English and will give you a general overview if you’re interested:

lingualift article (scroll down past their email sign up stuff to read)

FluentU will teach you a few basic phrases in a variety of dialects

Wikibooks has links to a few examples of phrases in different dialects

The wikipedia article will give you an informative introduction

Tofugu has a few articles on dialects:  Hokkaido |  Tohoku |  Kansai

Japan Times article on dialects

For intermediate and Advanced learners:

I’ve organised this by prefecture, but it’s worth noting that some prefectures contain several dialects and I’m by no means an expert, I hope the Tumblr Japanese learning community can contribute to and help improve this post. General:

Dictionary for dialects in EVERY prefecture

Short animations about various dialects　

Women from every prefecture saying I love you in their regional dialect

Japanese dialect Wiki

There tend to be Line stickers on sale for dialects, as people think they’re cute and want to show local pride, try searching the Line sticker store for the dialect you want and you can use them in conversations, which will give you a little practise.

Big Weblio guide to all prefectures’ dialects

方言で話そう on Twitter will show you phrases in a variety of regional dialects from around the country

Project Guttenburg article which gets more into the linguistics of Kansai ben

I made a post on Kansai ben a while back and @similarjapanesewords made a post about it before too

video comparing local variations of the same phrase spoken by native speakers 1 2

This Youtube channel has a lot of different dialect tutorials (all Japanese)

There’s another Youtube channel here too (all Japanese)

hougen-japan

ALC dialect quizzes

The Japanese Wikipedia page has a lot more detailed information than the English page, naturally.

Kansaibenkyou

Maps of where some dialects are spoken

Wikipedia has a lot of basic introductory information on dialects, there are almost certainly dialects I’ve missed from this list, if you search for the prefecture or geographical location and the word 弁 or 方言 then you’re likely to find a dialect, even if it isn’t simply called [place name]弁.

Hokkaidō |  Hokkaidō ben dictionary |  Hougen.u-biq |  Tofugu introducation to Hokkaido ben

Aomori |  Goo Aomori ben dictionary |  Japanesepod101 1 2 3 4 5 |  animation about Aomori ben  |  Kindle book written in Aomori ben

Iwate |  Phrase guide  |  dialect dictionary

Miyagi |  Hougen.u-biq | Vocabulary | Introduction to Miyagi ben | Sendai ben

Akita |  Akita ben course  |  How to use け in Akita ben  |  How to use こ in Akita ben

Yamagata |  A few introductory phrases  | Yamagata ben phrases  |  Yamagata ben dajare  |  Yamagata ben grammar

Fukushima |  Fukushima ben Dictionary  |  Usage guide

Ibaraki |  Ibaraki ben dictionary |  Learn Ibaraki ben phrases

Tochigi | Tochigi ben guide to pronunciation and expressions | Tochigi ben dictionary |

Gunma | Five page vocabulary guide | 7 lesson course in speaking Gunma ben

Saitama | North Saitama dialect vocabulary | Phrases | More vocabulary | Saitama ben dictionary on Goo

Chiba | East Chiba dialect | Learn Bōsō dialect | Another Bōsō website | Bōsō dialect quiz | Sotobō dialect guide

Tokyo | dictionary |  Tokyo dialect on Jlect | Tokyo ben on Chaku wiki | About Tokyo ben | vocabulary

Kanagawa | 10 phrases | Yokohama and Kanagawa dialect dictionary | Kanagawa ben on chaku wiki

Niigata |  Niigata ben dictionary  |  Japanesepod101 1 2 3

Toyama | Vocabulary | Toyama ben on Wikibooks | Simple phrases | About Toyama ben | Basic introduction to Toyama ben | Toyama dialect competition

Ishikawa |  Ishikawa ben Dictionary on Goo | Wikibooks Ishikawa dialect guide | Kanazawa ben guide | English book on Kanazawa ben

Fukui | Fukuiben.com | Hokuriku dialect (spoken in several prefectures)

Yamanashi |  Koshu Dialect Laboratory | Koshu ben dictionary | Yamanashi ben on Goo | There are a couple of posts here in English

Nagano |  Goo Nagano ben dictionary  |  Nagano prefecture guide to Nagano dialect  |  Matsumoto dialect page

Gifu |  Large vocabulary list  |  Mino ben guide |  PDF guide with accent information etc  |  another vocabulary list  |  Short video in Mino Ben

Shizuoka |  Page with links to several local dialects found in Shizuoka  | Shizuoka ben version of a commerical  | 10 funny phrases

Aichi |  Hougen.u-biq |  Nagoya ben website

Mie |  phrase guide |  features of Mie ben

Shiga |  large word and phrase list  |  vocabulary list

Kyoto |  Hougen.u-biq |  vocabulary list  |  More vocabulary

Osaka |  Hougen.u-biq |  video tutorial |  Kansai ben/Osaka ben word list

Hyōgo |  vocabulary list |  Hyogo ben on chaku Wiki |  

Nara |  Nara dialect on Chaku Wiki  |  Video discussing the subtelties of Nara dialect within Kansai ben  | vocabulary list

Wakayama |  Word list |  Some honorific expressions in Wakayama dialect PDF | Wakayama ben article |   Wakayama Kansai ben vocabulary |  Apparently there’ll be a radio show about Wakayama dialect soon so maybe they’ll have a podcast

Tottori |  dictionary |  large word and phrase list |  another vocabulary and phrase list

Shimane |  Izumo-ben 出雲弁 | Izumo ben in detail

Okayama |  large word and phrase list | Okayama ben corner | Interesting Okayama ben

Hiroshima |  Hougen.u-biq |  Hiroshima dialect

Yamaguchi |  Yamaguchi ben |  Vocabulary | quiz

Tokushima |  Awa ben video tutorial  |  vocabulary list  |  large phrase and vocabulary list

Kagawa |  vocabulary and phrase list  |  phrase list

Ehime |  Some Iyo vocabulary  |  Iyo dialect guide

Kochi |  Origins of Tosa ben and Hata ben PDF (bilingual)  |  Tosa ben introduction  |  Hata dialect introduction  |  The Lexicon of Kochi Japanese PDF (academic paper)  |  Kochi funpage on Youtube

Fukuoka |  series of videos on how to use Hakata ben |  video tutoiral |  verb conjugations

Saga |  Saga ben dictionary | Goo Saga ben dictionary

Nagasaki |  Nagasaki ben resource with recordings of sample dialogues |  Goo Nagasaki ben dictionary |  A story book written in Nagasaki ben (available on Kindle)

Kumamoto |  How to use Kumamoto ben  | Kumamoto ken vocabulary, a lot of these seem rough/rude

Ōita |  video |  Goo Ōita ben dictionary

Miyazaki |  Miyazaki ben explanation |  vocabulary and explanation

Kagoshima |  Vocabulary |  big word list  |  More vocabulary and phrases 

Okinawa |  Traveller’s guide to Okinawan dialects  | Huge list of Ryukyuan vocabulary  |  Uchinaguchi dictionary

There are books on dialects, typically designed for native speakers, such as this dialect dictionary, or this Tosa ben guide available in Japan, but you’d need some very advanced Japanese to be able to access them, in which case I doubt you’d be following my blog.

Beyond regional dialects there are also many languages that are native to Japan that are not Japanese. If you’re interested in learning Ainu, one of the Ryukyuan languages, Japanese sign language, or another language from Japan that is not standard spoken Japanese then this Tofugu article may interest you. Many of these languages are endangered. Thanks to these bloggers who helped contribute to this post:

@suzustarlight @tomatograffiti  @grapefruitcake Disclaimer: There are a massive number of regional dialects in Japan, I am neither Japanese, nor an expert, so inevitably I will miss some off this list. If you want to share information about a dialect from a part of Japan you’ve visited or lived in please reblog and add some information or resources, so that we can get this post to a point where it’s as comprehensive as possible. Many thanks!

[passionatepolyglot-blog]

A conversation I just had with my dad:

Me: So my Japanese class is going well, we're learning grammar.

Dad: Are you learning kanji-gation?

Me: ...

Dad: :D

[spanishboone]

Using some adjectives with ser and estar can completely change the meaning. Take a look!

[somethingaboutchinese]

HAPPY HALLOWEEN

Halloween 万圣节   wàn shèng jié 　　pumpkin 南瓜   nán guā 　　pumpkin patch 南瓜园   nán guā yuán 　　carve the pumpkin雕刻南瓜     diāo kè nán guā 　　Jack-o’-lantern 南瓜灯   nán guā dēng 　　costume 戏服   xì fú 　　costume party 化妆舞会    huà zhuāng wǔ huì 　　ghost 鬼    guǐ 　　vampire 吸血鬼   xī xuè guǐ 　　witch 巫婆   wū pó 　　broom 扫把    sào bǎ/ 　　bat 蝙蝠     biān fú 　　black cat 黑猫    hēi māo 　　spider 蜘蛛    zhī zhū 　　candy 糖果    táng guǒ 　　scare 惊吓    jīng xià 　　skull 骷髅头    kū lóu tóu 　　skeleton 骷髅人    kū lóu rén 　　haunted house 鬼屋    guǐ wū 　　Trick-or-Treat 不给糖，就捣蛋    bù gěi táng , jiù dǎo dàn 　　Happy Halloween. 万圣节快乐    wàn shèng jié kuài lè

[useless-swedenfacts]

what is the @ called in your native language?

reblog and tag with the language/s you speak and an english translation of the word

[useless-norwayfacts]

In Norwegian it’s called “krøllalfa” or “alfakrøll” most of the time, which translates into “curl alpha” and “alpha curl”. In some rare cases, people call it “snabel a” which translates to “trunk a”.

[useless-italyfacts-blog]

in Italian it’s “chiocciola” (snail, the kind with the shell)

[useless-hungaryfacts]

Kukac (worm) in hungarian. this makes no sense.

[useless-turkeyfacts]

in turkish we say “et işareti” it means “ ‘at’ sign”

[linguistisch]

in English we say “at sign” it means “at sign”

[raisedtokeepquiet]

in Dutch we say “apenstaartje” it means “little tail of a monkey”

[franc0phone]

In Russian it’s “собака” which means… “dog.”

[chapmangamo]

Happy Halloween, wherever you are!

twitter | facebook | instagram | shop

[lingua-franca]

La Cuisine

Le meuble de rangement - Cabinet Le comptoir - Counter Le couteau - Knife La cuillère - Spoon La fourchette - Fork Le placard - Cupboard Le tiroir - Drawer L’évier (nm) - Kitchen sink Le robinet - Tap Le four - Oven La cuisinière - Stove La casserole - Saucepan La poêle (à frire) - Frying Pan La bouilloire - Kettle La micro-onde - Microwave Le grille-pain/toaster - Toaster Le réfrigérateur (frigo) - Fridge Le congélateur (congélo) - Freezer Faire cuire/cuisiner - Cook (Faire) bouillir/ faire cuire à l’eau - Boil Réchauffer - Reheat (Se) Congeler - Freeze

[thelibraryofcontext]

The Language Library

Complete, up-to-date contents of the Language Library, now rebloggable!

Note: I don’t host anythng, I just collate links so if anything gets deleted I may or may not be able to replace it. Please let me know if there are any broken links. Also, some of the links won’t load until you remove the ‘denied’ from in front of the url. Study well!

Afrikaans

Teach Yourself Afrikaans

Colloquial Afrikaans

Arabic

Arabic - An Essential Grammar

A Reference of Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic

Beginner’s Guide to Arabic [Mohtanick Jamil]

Learning to Read Arabic: A Beginner’s Guide [Dr Mahjoob Zweiri]

Teach Yourself Arabic

In-Flight Arabic: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Eastern Arabic I, 2nd ed

Eastern Arabic II

Eastern Arabic III

Egyptian Arabic

Living Language - Starting Out in Arabic Transcript

Living Language - Arabic to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language - eTicket Arabic

Living Language - iKnow Arabic - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Arabic Program Transcript

Albanian

Albanian grammar

Colloquial Albanian

Albanian Basic Course, Volume 1, Lessons 1-16

Albanian Basic Course - Workbook for Exercises in Grammar

The Albanian Language (Peace Corps)

Albanian Grammar [Victor A. Friedman]

Bengali

Teach Yourself Bengali

Bengali Grammar Summary and Review (Declension of Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs | Numbers and Time | Study Questions and Answers)

Bengali Script Practice 1 (ANSWERS)

Bengali Alphabet

Bengali to English Dictionary (Romanized)

A Bengali Grammatical Pattern

Introduction to Bengali

Bulgarian

A Short Grammar of Bulgarian

Teach Yourself Bulgarian

A Concise Bulgarian grammar [John Leafgren]

Catalan

Teach Yourself Catalan (second source)

Colloquial Catalan

Cantonese

Routledge Grammars - Basic Cantonese - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Routledge Grammars - Intermediate Cantonese - A Grammar and Workbook

Colloquial Cantonese

Cantonese Basic Course, Volume One

Cantonese Reading Booklet

Chinese

Routledge Grammar - Basic Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook (2nd ed)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Chinese - A Grammar and Workbook

Using Chinese Synonyms

Using Chinese - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Chinese - A Comprehensive Grammar

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar - A Practical Guide (second source)

Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar - Workbook [Claudia Ross, Jinh-heng Sheng Ma, Baozhang He]

Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of the Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 1

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 1

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 2

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 2

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 3

New Practical Chinese Reader Workbook 3

New Practical Chinese Reader Textbook 4

(You can download the corresponding audio files for the ‘New Practical’ series here)

Schaum’s Outlines: Chinese Grammar

Chinese: An Essential Grammar, 2nd ed. [Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington]

A Dictionary of Chinese Characters - Accessed by Phonetics [Stewart Paton]

In-Flight Chinese: Learn Before you Land

Mandarin Chinese I, 2nd ed

Mandarin Chinese II

Mandarin Chinese III

Living Language - Starting Out in Chinese Transcript

Living Language - Chinese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Chinese

Living Language - iKnow Chinese - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Chinese Program Transcript

Croatian

Colloquial Croatian: The Complete Course for Beginners [Celia Hawkesworth]

In-Flight: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Czech

Czech - An Essential Grammar

Czech Reading Booklet

In-Flight Czech: Learn Before you Land

Dari

Dari Persian

Danish

Danish - An Essential Grammar

Danish - An Elementary Grammar and Reader

Teach Yourself Danish

Colloquial Danish

Dutch

Routledge Grammar - Basic Dutch - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Dutch - A Grammar and Workbook

Dutch - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Dutch - A Comprehensive Grammar (second source)

Colloquial Dutch (second source)

Colloquial Dutch 2 (second source)

Hugo in 3 Months Dutch

Hugo Advanced Courses Taking Dutch Further

Teach Yourself Beginner’s Dutch

Teach Yourself Dutch

Teach Yourself Dutch Grammar

In-Flight Dutch: Learn Before you Land

English

English - An Essential Grammar

A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar

Colloquial English

Grammar Workbook

African American English: A Linguistic Introduction [Lisa J. Green]

English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed [Angela Downing, Philip Locke]

Living Language - Easy English Vocabulary Glossary (Lesson 12 ‘Around the House’ Audio) (Lesson 13 ‘Activities and Interests’ Audio) (Lesson 14 ‘Having Fun with Friends’ Audio)

Living Language- Inglés para Llevar: Más de 300 expresiones, frases y palabras imprescindibles

Living Language: eTicket Ingles

Practice Makes Perfect: Mastering Grammar [Gary Robert Muschla]

Grammar for Everyone: Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar [Barbara Dykes]

English Grammar, 3rd ed [Eugene Ehrlich]

501 Reading Comprehension Questions, 4th ed

Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English [Christopher Davies]

Destination B1 - Grammar & Vocabulary with Answer Key [Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles]

Destination B2 - Grammar & Vocabulary with Answer Key [Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles]

English Grammar in Use, 2nd ed [Raymond Murphy]

Official Dictionary of Unofficial English

Farsi

Farsi (Persion) Reading Booklet

Finnish

Finnish - An Essential Grammar

Conversational Finnish

French

Using French Vocabulary

A Student Grammar of French

The Syntax of French

Colloquial French 2

Collins Learn French with Paul Noble (Review Booklet) (second source)

Descriptive Grammar of the Standard French language

In-Flight French: Learn Before you Land

French I, 2nd ed

French II, 3rd ed

French III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in French Transcript

Living Language - French to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket French

Living Language - iKnow French - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level French Program Transcript

500 самых важных слов французского языка

Collins Easy Learning French Grammar (second source)

German

Routledge Grammar - Basic German - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate German - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source)

German - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Using German Synonyms (second source)

The Structure of German

German Familiarization and Short Term Training

German Basic Course, Units 1-12

Collins Learn German with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Modern German Grammar A Practical Guide, 2nd ed

In-Flight German: Learn Before you Land

German II, 3rd ed

German III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in German Transcript

Living Language - German to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket German

Living Language - iKnow German - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level German Program Transcript

Practice Makes Perfect - German Vocabulary [Ed Swick]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Pronouns and Prepositions [Ed Swick]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Verb Tenses [Astrid Henschel]

Practice Makes Perfect - German Sentence Builder [Ed Swick]

Routledge Intensive German Course [Paul Hartley]

German: A Linguistic Introduction [Sarah M.B. Fagan]

German Grammar Drills [Ed Swick]

German Quickly - A Grammar for Reading German

Intermediate German for Dummies [Wendy Foster]

Essential German Grammar [Martin Durrell, Katrin Kohl, Gudrun Loftus]

German The Easy Way, 2nd ed [Paul G Graves, Henry Strutz]

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Learning German on Your Own [Alice Müller, Stephan Müller]

Cassell’s Colloquial German, A Handbook of Idiomatic Usage

Using German: A Guide to Contemporary Usage, 2nd ed [Martin Durrell]

Modern German Grammar: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed [Bill Dodd, Christine Eckhard-Black, John Klapper, Ruth Whittle]

Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook

Deutsche Grammatik: einfach, kompakt und übersichtlich [Heike Pahlow]

Gujarati

Teach Yourself Gujarati

Colloquial Gujarati

Greek

Greek - An Essential Grammar of the Modern Language

Colloquial Greek

Greek Basic Course

In-Flight Greek: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Living Language: eTicket Greek

Haitian Creole

Haitian Creole Reading Booklet

Hungarian

Hungarian - An Essential Grammar

The Syntax of Hungarian

Colloquial Hungarian

There is More to Hungarian than Goulash - Grammar Course for Beginners

Practical Hungarian Grammar [Miklós Törkenczy]

In-Flight Hungarian: Learn before you Land (second source)

Hungarian Reading Booklet

Hebrew

Modern Hebrew - An Essential Grammar

Colloquial Hebrew

Hebrew Basic Course

Biblical Hebrew: A Text and Workbook [Bonnie Pedrottie Kittel, Vicki Hoffer, Rebecca Abts Wright]

In-Flight Hebrew: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Hebrew I

Modern Hebrew II (second source)

Modern Hebrew III

Hindi

Hindi Reading Booklet

Icelandic

The Syntax of Icelandic

Colloquial Icelandic

Teach Yourself Icelandic

Harry Potter og Vitramannasteinurin

Irish

Routledge Grammar - Basic Irish - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Irish - A Grammar and Workbook

Colloquial Irish - The Complete Course for Beginners

Irish Grammar - A Basic Handbook

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cuid a hAon [Barbara Hillers, Bettina Kimpton] (Textbook for Celtic 132: Introduction to Modern Irish Harvard 2007)

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cuid a Dó [Barbara Hillers, Bettina Kimpton] (Textbook for Celtic 133r: Intermediate Modern Irish Harvard 2005)

Buntús na Gaeilge: Irish for Adult Learners - Cúrsa Samhraidh [Barabra Hillers, Bettina KImpton] (Textbook for Celtic S-132: Introduction to Modern Irish, Harvard Summer School 2013)

Italian

Routledge Grammar - Basic Italian - A Grammar and Workbook (second source)

Using Italian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Using Italian Vocabulary

Modern Italian Grammar a Practical Guide (second source)

Modern Italian Grammar Workbook

Colloquial Italian

Colloquial Italian 2

Collins Learn Italian with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Routledge Intensive Italian Workbook [Anna Proudfoot, Tania Batelli-Kneale, Anna di Stefano, Daniela Treveri Gennari]

In-Flight Italian: Learn Before you Land

Italian I, 2nd ed

Italian II, 2nd ed

Italian III, 2nd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in German Transcript

Living Language - Italian to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every situation

Living Language: eTicket Italian

Living Language - iKnow Italian- Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Italian Program Transcript

Indonesian

Indonesian - A Comprehensive Grammar

Indonesian Reference Grammar

Japanese

In-Flight Japanese: Learn Before you Land

Japanese I, 3rd ed

Living Language - Starting Out in Japanese Transcript

Living Languages - Japanese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Japanese

Living Language - iKnow Japanese - Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Japanese Program Transcript

Korean

Routledge Grammar - Basic Korean - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source) (fourth source)

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Korean - A Grammar and Workbook (second source) (third source)

Using Korean - A Guide to Contemporary Usage (second source)

Korean Grammar for International Learners

Colloquial Korean - The Complete Course for Beginners (second source) (audio files)

Korean Level 1 (Seoul National University)

Essential Korean [Ellen K. Yoon] (second source) (audio files)

Dirty Korean: Everyday Slang from “What’s Up?” to “F*%# Off!” [Haewon Geebi Baek] (second source)

Pathfinder in Korean Beginning Student Book

Pathfinder in Korean Workbook

Continuing Korean (audio files)

Korean Grammar for International Learners [Ho Bin Ihm, Kyung Pyo Hong, Suk In Chang] (second source)

The Sounds of Korean - A Pronunciation Guide (audio files)

Korean Word Book [Marshal R Pihl]

My First Book of Korean Words: An ABC Rhyming Book [Henry J. Amen IV, Kyubyong Park]

Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage [Miho Choo, Hye-Young Kwak]

College Korean (second source)

Intermediate College Korean [Clare You, Eunsu Cho]

Elementary Korean [Ross King, Jae-Hoon Yeon]

Hippocrene Beginner’s Series - Beginner’s Korean (second source) (audio files)

Korean From Zero 1

Korean Grammar in Use: Beginning to Early Intermediate

Korean through English, Book One (second source) (audio files)

Living Language Korean Course (audio files)

Modern Conversational Korean

Korean: A Complete Course for Beginners [Jaemin Roh]

My Korean 1 [Young-A Cho, In-Jung Cho, Douglas Ling] (second source) (audio files)

My Korean 2 [Young-A Cho, In-Jung Cho, Douglas Ling] (second source) (audio files)

Step by Step: Korean through 15 Action Verbs [Dr In Ku Kim-Marshall]

Beginner TOPIK Grammar & Vocabulary

Intermediate TOPIK Grammar

TOPIK Elementary Adjectives

TOPIK Elementary Grammar

TOPIK Elementary Nouns

TOPIK Intermediate Adjectives

TOPIK Intermediate Grammar

TOPIK Intermediate Nouns

TOPIK Intermediate Verbs

TOPIK Listening Files

Korean In Action: For International Learners [Gi-Hyun Shin, Adrian Buzo]

Making Out in Korean (second source)

Integrated Korean - Level 1 (audio files)

Teach Yourself Korean (audio files)

Seoul National University - Korean 1

Seoul National University - Korean 2

Seoul National University - Korean 4 (audio files)

Korean for Dummies (audio files) (cheat sheet)

Korean Advanced Course Volume II

Active Korean 1 (audio files)

Hanyang Korean 1 (Grammar & Patterns) (Writing Practice)

Frequently Used Korean Dialogue 2000 Sentences

The Korean Language Structure, Use and Context [Jae Jung Song]

Tense and Aspect in Korean

Korean Honorifics and Politeness in Second Language Learning

Easy to Learn Korean Language

In-Flight Korean (audio files) (second source) (third source)

Korean I

Korean II

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [ Korean]

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince [Korean]

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [Korean]

Latvian

A Short Grammar of Latvian

Teach Yourself Latvian

Colloquial Latvian

Lithuanian

A Short Grammar of Lithuanian

Teach Yourself Lithuanian

Colloquial Lithuanian

Norwegian

Norwegian - An Essential Grammar (second source)

Colloquial Norwegian

Norwegian HeadStart Student Study Guide

Norwegian on the Web - Short Norwegian grammar [Olaf Husby]

Norwegian on the Web -  Basic Norwegian Words [Olaf Husby]

Ny i Norge Tekstbok

Norwegian Phrase Dictionary and Study Guide

Norwegian Verbs & Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Norwegian [Louis Janus]

Teach Yourself - Norwegian Conversation [Margaretha Danbolt Simons]

Teach Yourself - Speak Norwegian with Confidence

Teach Yourself Norwegian [Margaretha Danbolt Simons]

DK Hugo Norwegian in Three Months

Practical Norwegian grammar [Åse-Berit e Rolf Strandskogen]

Norueguês: Uma Gramática Essencial [Åse-Berit e Rolf Strandskogen]

норвежский разговорник и словарь

Norwegisch Wort für Wort

Langenscheidts Praktische Grammatik - Norwegisch

Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3. Auflage) [Bjørn Kvifte, Verena Gude-Husken]

Norwegian Reading Booklet

Pashto

Pashto

Pashto II

Polish

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Polish - A Grammar and Workbook

Polish - An Essential Grammar

A Grammar of Contemporary Polish

Colloquial Polish

Polish Grammar in a Nutshell [Oscar E. Swan]

In-Flight Polish: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Polish Reading Booklet

A Grammar of Contemporary Polish [Oscar E. Swan]

Portuguese

Portuguese - An Essential Grammar

Using Portuguese - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

In-Flight Portuguese: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Living Language: Portuguese to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Portuguese

Portuguese (Brazilian)

Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil

Colloquial Portuguese of Brazil 2 (second source)

Brazilian Portuguese I

Brazilian Portuguese II

Russian

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Russian - A Grammar and Workbook

Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Using Russian Vocabulary

A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, 3rd ed [Terence Wade] (second source) (third source)

A Reference Grammar of Russian (second source)

Colloquial Russian 2

In-Flight Russian: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Russian II, 2nd ed

Russian III, 2nd ed

Living Language: Russian to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

The Oxford Russian Grammar & Verbs

Romanian

Romanian - An Essential Grammar (second source) (third source)

Colloquial Romanian (second source) (audio files)

Romanian Grammar Workbook for Peace Corps Volunteers

Romanian Basic Course, Volume I, Lessons 1-15

Romanian Reference Grammar

Teach Yourself Romanian (audio files)

Serbian

Serbian - An Essential Grammar

Teach Yourself Serbian

Spanish

Routledge Grammar - Basic Spanish - A Grammar and Workbook

Routledge Grammar - Intermediate Spanish - A Grammar and Workbook

Spanish - An Essential Grammar

Using Spanish Synonyms

Using Spanish Vocabulary

Using Spanish - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

A Student Grammar of Spanish

Modern Spanish Grammar A Practical Guide

The Syntax of Spanish

Spanish Basic Course, Units 31-45

Collins Learn Spanish with Paul Noble (Review Booklet)

Collins Spanish Grammar & Practice

In-Flight Spanish: Learn Before you Land

Spanish I, 2nd ed

Spanish II, 3rd ed (2nd ed)

Living Language - Starting Out in Spanish Transcript

Living Language: Spanish to Go: Hundreds of Essential Words and Phrases for Every Situation

Living Language: eTicket Spanish

Living Language - iKnow Spanish- Words + Phrases + Conversations, Beginner Level Spanish Program Transcript

Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide, 2nd ed [Juan Kattan-Ibarra, Christopher J. Pountain]

Swahili

Swahili Basic Course, 2nd ed

Coloquial Swahili: The Complete Course for Beginners [Donovan McGrath, Lutz Marten]

In-Flight Swahili: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Swedish

Swedish - An Essential Grammar (second source)

Teach Yourself Swedish

Teach Yourself Swedish 1995

Colloquial Swedish (second source) (third source)

Swedish Basic Course

Essential Swedish Grammar - All The Grammar Really Needed for Speech and Comprehension [Julian Granberry]

Speak Swedish with Confidence [Regina Harkin]

Funktionell Svensk Grammatik [Maria Bolander]

In-Flight Swedish - Learn Before you Land (second source) (third source)

201 Swedish verbs [Richard P Aulette]

Living Language: eTicket Swedish

Tagalog

Tagalog Reading Booklet

Thai

Thai - An Essential Grammar

Teach Yourself Thai

Colloquial Thai

Thai Basic Course, Volume 2

In-Flight Thai: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Thai Reading Booklet

Living Language: eTicket Thai

Turkish

Turkish Grammar

Turkish - A Comprehensive Grammar

Hugo’s Simplified System: Turkish in Three Months

In-Flight Turkish: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Urdu

Urdu - An Essential Grammar

Urdu Reading Booklet

Ukrainian

Ukrainian, 2nd ed

Vietnamese

In-Flight Vietnamese: Learn Before you Land (second source)

Welsh

Modern Welsh -  A Comprehensive Grammar

The Syntax of Welsh

Colloquial Welsh

Yoruba

Colloquial Yoruba: The Complete Course for Beginners [Antonia Yetune Folarin Schleicher]

[thatlanguageguy-deactivated2018]

Japanese Opener and Filler Words

I’ll put the formal and informal versions when applicable, like

formal/informal- definition

それで/ で- so…

で、元気ですか。

De, genki desu ka?

So, how are you?

ところで- by the way..

ところで、犬が大丈夫ですか。

Tokoro de, inu ga daijoubu desu ka?

By the way, is [your] dog okay?

そういえば- speaking of.., that reminds me..

学校に運転するつもりです。そういえば、まだは、君が運転できるの？

Gakkou ni unten suru tsumori desu. Souieba, mada wa, kimi ga unten dekiru no?

I intend to drive to school tomorrow. That reminds me, can you drive yet?

たとえば- For example

僕は和食が好です。たとえば、ラーメンやウドンです。

Boku wa washoku ga suki desu. Tatoeba, ramen ya udon desu.

I like Japanese food. For example, things like ramen and udon.

実は (jitsu wa)- to be honest.., the fact is..

実は、テレビを見ることがあまり好じゃない。

Jitsu wa, terebi o miru koto ga amari suki ja nai.

To be honest, I don’t really like watching TV.

あの, ええ, まあ, ええと- umm…

ああ- shows understanding

え/はあ- What?

[mymodernmet]

Illustrator Lili Chin’s adorable series Dogs of the World illustrates 192 breeds of dogs grouped according to geographical origin.

[ivyarchive]

More:

[doingitforthevine-deactivated20]

tbh i never wanted this post to end

[thefuuuucomics]

Dogs of the world

[germanlanguagerocks]

German Vocabulary List: Asking for directions | Nach dem Weg fragen

Wie komme ich nach…? How do I get to (cities/villages)?

Wie komme ich zum/zur…? How do I get to (places/streets)?

Wo gibt es viele…? Where are there a lot of…?

Kannst du/Können Sie mir das auf der Karte zeigen? Can you show me on the map?

Wo ist…? Where is…?

Weißt du/Wissen Sie, wo … ist? Do you know where … is?

Wo finde ich…? Where can I find …?

Entschuldige bitte/Entschuldigen Sie bitte: Excuse me

der Bahnhof: train station

die Bushaltestelle: bus station

der Flughafen: airport

die Jugendherberge: youth hostel

das Restaurant: restaurant

die Kneipe: pub

das Café: café

die Strasse: street/road

die Kirche: church

der Dom: cathedral

die Bank: bank

der Kiosk: kiosk

der Supermarkt: supermarket

das Zentrum: center

die Polizeiwache: police station

das Krankenhaus: hospital

die öffentliche Toilette: public restroom

das Reisebüro: travel agency

die Brücke: bridge

links: left

rechts: right

links abbiegen: turn left

rechts abbiegen: turn right

nach links: to the left

nach rechts: to the right

bis zum: up to

geradeaus: straight ahead

Richtung …: towards …

nach dem/der…: past the…

vor dem/der…: before the …

entlang: along

zurück: back

zurückgehen: to go back

nahe dem/der: close to

weit: far

weit weg: far away

neben: next to

an der Ecke: on the corner

am Anfang von: at the beginning of

überqueren: to cross

folgen: to follow

nehmen: to take

Norden:  north

Süden: south

Osten: east

Westen: west

[signinggifs]

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Vocabulary Builders in Sign Language: English