Detail of Anne Boleyn’s famous “B” necklace from four different portraits.
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@queenanne-boleyn
Detail of Anne Boleyn’s famous “B” necklace from four different portraits.
Thursday 10th September
Today the transcript of the trial of George and Anne Boleyn not only made me very emotional but also proved to be the most beautiful thing I have ever seen. It also made me wish I could read Latin, but luckily I’ve read so much about it that I know a lot of it anyway.
Anne Boleyn, A Prisoner In The Tower
Mistres ABolleyne nowe thus.
ON THIS DAY IN HISTORY
7 September 1533: Elizabeth I is born.
On 7 September, between three and four o’clock in the afternoon, Queen Anne Boleyn was delivered of a daughter at Greenwich Palace. Henry VIII and his second queen put on a brave face, refusing to show their undoubted disappointment that the child was not the longed-for son and heir. Although the jousts and other planned entertainments were cancelled, a Te Deum was sung in the new princess’s honor and a lavish christening ceremony was planned for the following Wednesday. The infant was named Elizabeth, in honor of both Henry and Anne’s mothers. Anne Boleyn immediately sent out the letters she had prepared to announce the birth of her first child, with one addition: “prince” was modified to “princes[s].”:
Right trusted and well-beloved, we greet you well. And where as it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God, of his infinite mercy and grace, to send unto us, at this time, with good speed, in the deliverance and bringing forth of a Princes[s], to the great joy, rejoice, and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and all his good and loving subjects of this his realm; for the which his inestimable benevolence, so showed unto us, we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud, and praising unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And in as much as we undoubtedly trust, that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort, and consolation, we, therefore, by this our letters, advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give, with us, unto Almighty God, high thanks, glory, laud, and praising; and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princes[s] accordingly. Given under our signet, at my Lord’s Manor of Greenwich, the 7 day of September, in the 25th year of my said Lord’s reign.
let’s remember today that anne boleyn was not just a victim, but someone who helped instigate the break from the church, held the first english peerage granted to a woman in her own right, pushed for bibles to be translated and available in vernacular, and gave outrageous sums of charity to the less privileged – to say nothing of her intelligence and bold courage, and how she was the doting mother of a little girl who would later preside over a golden age in england.
whatever your opinion of her, anne was a lively character who has resonated with people, particularly women, for ages.
A stone falcon badge carving from the vault of the Anne Boleyn Gatehouse.
The Six Wives of Henry VIII + signatures and mottos
The Rainbow Portrait - Imagery Explained
This is one of my favourite portraits of Elizabeth I, mainly because of all the hidden imagery in it. Let’s start with Elizabeth herself. She was almost 70 at this point (1602), and yet in this painting she is ageless. This painting is like Tudor photoshop - so few people would actually see Elizabeth in real life to realise that she was probably a frail old lady which of course would have been seen as weak and vulnerable. Given the option, she would much rather they saw her like this.
The rainbow that she holds represents how her reign was a golden age for England. Rainbows symbolise the peace after storms, and so, in Elizabeth’s hands, England has been restored to peace after the turmoil of religious upheavals and civil conflicts. The words above the rainbow, ‘non sine sole iris’ mean ‘no rainbow without sun’ - i.e. this golden age would have been impossible to achieve without Elizabeth, it’s sun.
The embellished snake on her sleeve represents knowledge. In the Abrahamic religions, the first man and woman were tempted by a serpent to eat the forbidden fruit. Once doing so, they gained knowledge of the contrast of good and evil. So the snake represents the acquisition of knowledge. Above the snake’s head is an armillary sphere (similar to a celestial globe), which, in the Renaissance, was one of the key symbols of knowledge and scientific learning.
The pearl necklaces and bracelets represent Elizabeth’s beauty, purity and wealth. Pearls carry the same meaning today, but in Tudor times pearls were not farmed, and natural pearls are extremely rare - so for Elizabeth to be wearing so many displays her enormous wealth, and that of her kingdom.
The flowers on her bodice are a reflection of descriptions of Elizabeth in some recently published (1599) poetry which compared her to the Greek goddess Astraea. Astraea is a virgin goddess of innocence and purity, who is also often associated with Dike, goddess of justice. Astraea ruled over humans during the Golden Age before ascending to heaven.
Finally, the crescent moon on her headdress is a symbol strongly associated with Diana, the Roman goddess of hunting, who swore never to marry.
And what of the eye and the face beside the flowers? who can explain that?
In an earlier post, I explained that the eyes and ears across her dress represent Elizabeth I's spy network. People should be careful what they say or do, because Elizabeth has eyes and ears everywhere linked to her, who will report back and make her aware of anything going on.
1st June 1533: Coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England
On this day - 1st June 1533
Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England
After years of waiting, Anne Boleyn was finally crowned Queen to King Henry VIII in Westminster Abbey, London.
Anne was ‘under a rich canopy of cloth of gold, decorated with a curtain of crimson velvet powdered with ermin, and a robe of purple velvet furred with powdered ermines over that, and a rich tiara with a call of pearls and precious stones on her head’
At the time of her coronation, Anne was already pregnant with the future Elizabeth I.
Her coronation received mixed reactions - many Englishmen were displeased as the previous queen, Katherine of Aragon, had been hugely popular.
Flowers left at Anne Boleyn’s execution site on 19th May 2015. (taken from Tower of London twitter)
19th May 1536 - Execution of Anne Boleyn
479 years ago, Anne Boleyn stepped onto the scaffold at the Tower of London, wearing a fur-lined grey damask gown with an ermine mantle and a gable hood, and made her final speech:
Good Christian people, I have not come here to preach a sermon; I have come here to die. For according to the law and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak of that whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never, and to me he was ever a good, a gentle, and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me.
Before Anne’s trial had even taken place, an expert swordsman had been ordered from Calais to perform her execution in the more merciful French style - the victim was to kneel and their head was struck off with a sword, a cleaner death than the English tradition of resting on a block waiting for a downwards blow from an axe. The French executioner’s fee was £23 6s 8d - just over £7,500 in today’s money. Traditionally, as a female traitor, Anne would have been burnt at the stake, but in her death warrant it states that Henry VIII was moved by pity for her, and would not punish her with such a painful death.
Her mantle and hood were removed, and with no chaplain with her, she knelt, repeating her own prayer; ‘Jesu receive my soul; O Lord God have pity on my soul, to Christ I commend my soul’. When the continentals heard the reports of her execution, they were amazed that she had not been bound or restrained in any way, but bravely knelt to meet her fate with only a blindfold.
Anne had been the first woman to receive a noble title in her own right, and less than 4 years later she became the first queen of England to be executed.
Thomas Wyatt's poem about the executions of 17th May 1536
In mourning wise since daily I increase, thus should I cloak the cause of all my grief: so pensive mind with tongue to hold his peace. My reason sayeth there can be no relief; wherefore, give ear, I humbly you require, the affects to know that thus doth make me moan. The cause is great of all my doleful cheer for those that were and now be dead and gone.
What though to death desert be now their call as by their faults it doth appear right plain. Of force I must lament that such a fall should light on those so wealthily did reign, though some perchance will say, of cruel heart, ‘A traitor’s death why should we thus bemoan?’ But I, alas, set this offence apart, must needs bewail the death of some be gone.
As for them all I do not thus lament but as of right my reason doth me bind. But as the most doth all their deaths repent, even so do I by force of mourning mind. Some say, ’Rochford, hadst thou been not so proud, for thy great wit each man would thee bemoan.’ Since as it is so, many cry aloud, ’It is great loss that thou art dead and gone.’
Ah, Norris, Norris, my tears begin to run to think what hap did thee so lead or guide, whereby thou hast both thee and thine undone, that so bewailed in court of every side. In place also where thou hast never been both man and child doth piteously thee moan. They say, 'Alas, thou art far overseen by thine offences to be thus dead and gone.’
Ah, Weston, Weston, that pleasant was and young, in active things who might with thee compare? All words accept that thou didst speak with tongue, so well esteemed with each where thou didst fare. And we that now in court doth lead our life, most part in mind doth thee lament and moan. But that thy faults we daily hear so rife, all we should weep that thou art dead and gone.
Brereton, farewell, as one that least I knew. Great was thy love with diverse, as I hear, but common voice doth not so sore thee rue as twain that doth before appear. But yet no doubt but thy friends thee lament and other hear their piteous cry and moan. So doth each heart for thee likewise relent that thou giv'st cause thus to be dead and gone.
Ah, Mark, what moan should I for thee make more since that thy death thou hast deserved best, save only that mine eye is forced sore with piteous plaint to moan thee with the rest? A time thou hadst above thy poor degree, the fall whereof thy friends may well bemoan. A rotten twig upon so high a tree hath slipped thy hold and thou art dead and gone.
And thus, farewell, each one in hearty wise. The axe is home, your heads be in the street. The trickling tears doth fall so from my eyes, I scarce may write, my paper is so wet. But what can help when death hath played his part though nature’s course will thus lament and moan? Leave sobs therefore, and every Christian heart pray for the souls of those be dead and gone.
I JUST MET ELAINE CASSIDY AAAAAAAAHHHHH I’M SO EXCITED I GOT HER AUTOGRAPH AAAAHHH
15th May 1536 - Trial of Anne Boleyn
‘for three-years and more, she, despising her marriage, and entertaining malice against the King, and following daily her frail and carnal lust, did falsely and traitorously procure by base conversations and kisses, touchings, gifts, and other infamous incitations, divers of the King’s daily and familiar servants to be her adulterers and concumbines, so that several of the King’s servants yielded to her vile provocations…
she procured, by sweet words, kisses, touches, and otherwise, Hen. Noreys, of Westminster, gentleman of the privy chamber, to violate her… and they had illicit intercourse at various other times…
Also the Queen… procured and incited her own natural brother, Geo. Boleyn, lord Rocheford, gentleman of the privy chamber, to violate her, alluring him with her tongue in the said George’s mouth, and the said George’s tongue in hers, and also with kisses, presents, and jewels; whereby he… violated and carnally knew the said Queen, his own sister…
Also the Queen… procured one Will. Bryerton, late of Westminster, gentleman of the privy chamber, to violate her…
Also the Queen… procured Sir Fras. Weston…
Also the Queen… procured Mark Smeton, groom of the privy chamber, to violate her…
she gave them great gifts to encourage them in their crimes…
And further the said Queen and these other traitors… conspired the death and destruction of the King, the Queen often saying she would marry one of them as soon as the King died, and affirming that she would never love the King in her heart…
And thus the said Queen and the other traitors aforesaid have committed their treasons in contempt of the Crown…
Judgement: To be taken to prison in the Tower, and then, at the King’s command, to the Green within the Tower, and there to be burned or beheaded as shall please the King.’
- excerpts from a translated summary of Anne’s trial.