1.) Attachment: problems with relationship boundaries, lack of trust, social isolation, difficulty perceiving and responding to other’s emotional states, and lack of empathy.
2.) Biology: sensory-motor dysfunction, sensory-integration difficulties, somatization, and increased medical problems.
3.) Affect or emotional regulation: poor affect regulation, difficulty identifying and expressing emotions and internal states, and difficulties communicating needs, wants, and wishes.
4.) Dissociation: amnesia, depersonalization, discrete states of consciousness with discrete memories, affect and functioning, and impaired memory for state-based events.
5.) Behavioural control: problems with impulse control, aggression, pathological self-soothing, and sleep problems.
6.) Cognition: difficulty regulating attention, problems with a variety of “executive functions” such as planning, judgement, initiation, use of materials and self- monitoring, difficulty processing new information, difficulty focusing and completing tasks, poor object constancy, problems with “cause-effect” thinking, and language developmental problems such as a gap between receptive and expressive communication abilities.
7.) Self-concept: fragmented and disconnected autobiographical narrative, disturbed body image, low self-esteem, excessive shame, and negative internal working models of self.
