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Hydrocycitric Acid, Garcinia Cambogia, Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss
Garcinia cambogia is really a small fruit which contains the ingredient hydroxycitric acid (HCA); the abbreviation (-)HCA can also be used. One from the main theories of how garcinia and HCA effort is over the inhibition in cells of citrate lyase, which is needed for the conversion of carbohydrates to fat. Prevention of carbohydrate conversion to fat is assumed to induce one's body to oxidize the surplus carbohydrates, ultimately causing fully loaded glycogen stores, which may play a part in suppressing the appetite. Preclinical research has confirmed body weight reduction in rats fed HCA, and HCA's activity of suppressing the appetite and reducing intake of food was confirmed. Clinically, however, HCA has failed to work. This could possibly be the result of citrate lyase being important only in quite high carbohydrate diets, a kind of diet that most studies tend not to prescribe, as well as other variables (a high-fiber diet can bind to HCA and block it).
The theory behind the use of HCA and Garcinia cambogia looks like it's sound, but clinical studies have still to prove under which conditions HCA is best used. To date, lots of the a pill containing HCA are most likely not effective because they lack the correct conditions of usage.
In a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, crossover study, 24 overweight people were administered HCA for just two weeks. After fourteen days of treatment, case study subjects' 24-hour energy intakes (Els), appetite profiles, hedonics, moods, and possible alterations in dietary restraint were assessed in a laboratory restaurant. Els were decreased by 15-30%, and body weight tended to lower in the HCA treatment period without alterations in variables. It was figured El was reduced with HCA treatment, while satiety remained the same (Westerterp-Plantenga and Kovacs, 2002).
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, the consequences in the ingestion of HCA alone and along with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety and food intake was investigated. Twenty-one normal to moderately obese subjects participated in the analysis, which consisted of three 2-week intervention periods separated by washouts of 2 or about six weeks. A significant reduction in body mass was found in all groups, but no differences were found one of the groups. The 24-hour El and appetite-related parameters were similar for many treatments. Neither HCA alone nor HCA along with medium-chain triglycerides produced modifications in food intake or satiety (Kovacs et al., 2001a).
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, the effects in the ingestion of HCA alone and along with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety, fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and weight was investigated. Eleven males took part in the research, which was comprised of three intervention periods separated by washout periods of 4 weeks. Body weight was significantly reduced in all three groups but wasn't found to be different on the list of groups. Likewise, the appetite parameters and expenditures just weren't different among treatments. Neither HCA alone nor HCA combined with medium-chain triglycerides led to increased satiety, fat oxidation, 24-hour El, or body weight loss in contrast to placebo (Kovacs et al., 2001b).
Mattes and Bormann (2000) studied the effects of HCA in promoting weight loss through appetite suppression. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 89 mildly overweight women were prescribed 5,020-kj diets for 12 weeks, and either 400 mg of Gardnia cambogia (2.4 g/ day of garcinia and 1.2 g/day of HCA) or even a placebo 30-one hour before meals. Weight and body composition was measured every other week for 12 weeks. Both groups showed a reduction in body mass, while using treatment group showing significantly greater reduction. The HCA, however, had no effect on appetite-related variables.
Preuss et al. (2002) studied the efficacy of Garcinia cambogia derived HCA (HCA-SX from Super CitriMax) in suppressing appetite and inhibiting fat synthesis inside a study involving 48 moderately obese adults. Both the HCA group (2,800 mg/day) as well as the placebo group were treated thirty minutes before meals for two months. A diet of approximately 2,000 kcal and a walking program supervised by the trainer were prescribed to both groups. Losses of body mass of 3.3% (after four weeks) and 4.8% (after 8 weeks) were seen in the procedure group. Triglyceride, LDL, and total blood choleseterol levels were all reduced in the treatment groups too. The authors figured that HCA-SX may be attractive weight-loss.
To test the thought that HCA increases fatty acid oxidation by lowering the malonyl-coenzyme A concentrations, 10 cyclists were studied after ingestion of the HCA supplement or placebo. The cyclists ingested either 3.1 mL/kg body weight of your HCA solution or even a placebo 45 and quarter-hour before exercise and 30 and 60 minutes following the oncoming of exercise. During rest and after couple of hours of exercise at 50% of the maximal work output, the cyclists were measured because of their total fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Blood samples were collected at rest and during 15-minute intervals of exercise. No significant changes were found as a whole fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates relating to the groups. Even when ingested in mass, HCA failed to increase total fat oxidation in vivo in endurance-trained athletes (van Loon et al., 2000).
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, HCA was tested for effects on metabolic parameters in humans. With or without moderately intense exercise over four laboratory visits, energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (following an overnight fast), and blood samples (for glucose, insulin, flucagon, lactate, and R hydroxybu-yrate) were measured. Treatment with HCA did not affect energy expenditure either with all the exercise or sleeping. Blood parameters didn't differ significantly between treatments with the lifetime of the research, and respiratory quotient had not been significantly lowered sleeping or during exercise in contrast to a placebo. The authors concluded that the hypothesis that HCA could affect the fat oxidation in fasting or moderately exercising humans with a typical Western diet was not supported (Kriketos et al., 1999).
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, HCA was tested for the efficacy in lessening body weight and fat mass decrease in overweight humans. Over the course of 12 weeks, participants got either 1,500 mg/day of HCA or placebo and prescribed a high-fiber, low-energy diet. Every other week, body mass was measured, and fat mass measurements were taken at 0 and 12 weeks. No significant fat loss or fat mass loss was observed in this research by management of HCA weighed against placebo (Heymsfleld et al., 1998).
Roman et al. (1996) investigated the efficacy of Garcinia cambogia to advertise weight reduction, and reducing cholesterolemia and triglycer-idemia in overweight subjects. In a randomized, placebo-controlled design, 40 participants received either an extract of Garcinia cambogia (500 mg) or placebo before every meal for 8 weeks. The treatment group showed a substantial reduction within the amount of overweight along with cholesterol and triglycerides in contrast to the placebo group.
Garcinia cambogia products vary within their numbers of standardized HCA, but it is rare to locate any product claiming below 50% HCA. Two to three divided doses of Garcinia cambogia, 750-1,500 mg each, may be taken before mealtime (30-60 minutes).
No serious unwanted effects have been noted. The acute LD50 of HCA-SX is more than 5,000 mg/kg (orally in rats), no gross toxicological pathology was discovered on autopsy, indicating the safety of this product (Ohia et al., 2002).
There happen to be safety concerns with ephedra-containing supplements, and HCA is a common component combined with ephedra formulations suitable for bodybuilding and weight-loss.
Bell et al. (2000) examined the effect of lowering the dosage of combined ephedrine and caffeine administration in athletes on limiting the negative negative effects of vomiting and nausea (seen by 25% of subjects) reported in earlier studies. They found that 4-5 mg of caffeine per kilogram combined with 0.8-1 mg of ephedrine per kilogram triggered the maintenance of ergogenic effect while reducing the negative unwanted effects. The lowest-dose combination caused no incidence of vomiting or nausea.
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