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Six Interpretations of the house âPolar bearâ, for example
    1. Interpretation as a HOUSE
    2. Interpretation from STRUCTURAL engineering
    3. Interpretation from ECOLOGICAL point of view
    4. Interpretation in terms of FORM
    5. Interpretation in the style of Colin Rowe
    6. Interpretation as MUSIC
1. Interpretation as a HOUSE
   The owner of this house decided to build a new house on a site in Hokkaido, which he had grown accustomed to living in since long ago. The house was built in a very compact cube form concerning the site, due to the rising cost of materials caused by the wood shock and the war, as well as a regulation unique to snow country (the building envelope must be at least 1 m away from the neighboring site). The overall composition is based on eight cubes of 2.3 meters on each side, 95 cm apart on each side, and 30 cm apart on the outside, for an overall cube of 6.15 meters. The size of this cube was defined based on the maximum volume that could fit on the site and is not based on human scale or traditional modules.
   We considered this cube as "Architecture," and together with the owner and his family, we discovered and imagined "bright places," "dark places," "big places," "small places", etc. in terms of local conditions and lifestyles, and gave meaning to them as "living". In trying to give "Architecture" a meaning of "living," we were careful to avoid using generic terms such as "living room" or "dining room" to link behavior with place. We patiently continued our exploration, finding bright and breezy places, large and softly bright places, small and dark places, etc., without adding too much meaning to them. The large area with the atrium could be used for breakfast, and the area next to the kitchen, one step up, might suit dinner. The bathtub area is the brightest and most refreshing place, so it would be pleasant to read a book there. The resulting house, in which "living" responds to the plain "Architecture" of overlapping cubes, has generated a complex and diverse place.
   The house as a building has been completed. However, the attachment of the owner and his family and the meaning they give to the house will make it a unique "home." The trigger for this attachment may be "the somewhat strange facade," "the hand feeling of the walls," "the sound of the kitchen," or even "the smells." The owner and his family are now ready to live with a sense of agency, finding meaning in forms that are not yet understandable, such as exposed pillars and beams, several intricate corners, rough and smooth surfaces, and so on, and using them to make the house his "home" while living in the house.Â
2. Interpretation from STRUCTURAL engineering
   Recently, the distribution of goods tends to be stagnant, and what used to be commonplace has become unavailable or expensive, making it necessary to reconsider building materials and construction methods. Because of the location of this project in Hokkaido, where the 120 mm width series of structural timbers were in short supply from early on, we thought that "structure using only 105 mm x 105 mm structural timbers," which is the most accessible and inexpensive, and "construction at the minimum technical level" that does not require special contractors, and thus "minimizing the cost of the structure" could be a prototype that reflects the social situation of the present day.
   The maximum span of the columns is 2.3 m, so the axial force is small, and 105 mm square columns are sufficient. However, this is not enough for beams that are subject to bending, so an inverted V-shaped diagonal timber was placed between the upper and lower beam members at the position of the girder connecting the columns to support the floor load with a truss effect. The 2.3m square floor is surrounded by girders, if the beams are placed in one direction as usual, the force will not flow evenly to the girders on all four sides, resulting in a difference in the amount of load. Therefore, the beams are placed in a diamond shape like a corner brace for three reasons: to nullify the direction of force, to shorten the span, and to flow the force directly to the truss members.
  It can be said this is a simple structure because it is essentially a Japanese conventional post and beam structural system. The truss section is a bit irregular, but they are simply tied together by inserting a portion of the truss member into the beams and bolting them together. Thus, the absence of special hardware facilitates fabrication and construction, as well as lowers costs.
(Translation by the author with some changes from the original text by the structural engineer)
3. Interpretation from ECOLOGICAL point of view
[Bergmann's and Allen's rules]
âBergmann's ruleâ is an ecogeographical rule that states that within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade, populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments, while populations and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. For example, bears living in the southern areas, such as Sun bears, tend to be smaller, while bears living in the northern areas, such as Polar bears, tend to be larger. Conversely, "Allen's rule " refers to the fact that animals that live in colder regions tend to have shorter ears, tails, and other protruding parts than those that live in warmer regions. Polar bears' small ears are said to be following this rule.
   When we look at houses in Hokkaido today, we can see that they are generally large, box-shaped, and have flat roofs. The reasons for this can be easily imagined to be that the area of land per house is relatively larger than in urban areas such as Tokyo, and snow ducts are used to deal with snow accumulation instead of letting it fall. And in these points, I suspect we can find " Bergmann's and Allen's rule " as well. Looking again at the houses in Hokkaido today, there are not many eaves, and pitched roofs are not seen very often. The exterior walls also tend to be relatively less uneven. On the other hand, the overall volume of the building seems to be larger than those of narrow houses in Tokyo. These facts suggest that the tendency of the polar bear's body to have a small protrusion and a large volume compared to its surface area seems to be somewhat common to the features of these houses.
   The "Bergmann's and Allen's rules" are explained by the issue of heat dissipation. In other words, increasing volume compared to surface area is a device to reduces the amount of heat dissipated compared to the amount of heat produced in the body. The shape of the body of this house is a cube, which is the second smallest geometric form in surface area after a sphere. This house consists of a large cube in the center, with exterior walls with additional insulation surrounding it like "fur," and non-habitable rooms necessary for daily life, such as an entrance and a storage room, attached to it like a "nose" and a "tailâ.
   The name of this house, "Polar bear," which became somewhat comfortably familiar to us as we began to call it tentatively in the process of designing this house, seems to symbolize the appearance of this kind of northern creature and building.
4. Interpretation in terms of FORM
[Suppose you are given a cube with a side of 6.15m.]
The "cube" is very close to an axiom, a form that can never be proven, that has no ground, and that is very close to a logical formula. In other words, it is a very nonsense and meaningless form.
   A square box usually has a meaning. Boxes are made in the shape of a square for various purposes, such as to put an apple inside, or for a person to ride on top. However, it is difficult to assign meaning to the square shape itself. The mysterious thing about the form of pure geometry is that even if you try to attach various meanings to why a square is a square, all of these meanings will slip over and over. A square-shaped object (monolith) often looks strange, like something from the future, a leftover from the past, or another world, perhaps because of the groundlessness of its pure geometrical form.
   Meanwhile, it is up to us as human beings to make meanings and interpretations of everything and anything in the world. To create meanings for everything and bring the world into existence, that is our agency and our autonomy. Sometimes, architects use terms such as "autonomous architecture" or " heteronomous architecture," but it may just be that this is how it seems from their point of view. It is interesting to consider such autonomy and heteronomy of architecture, but if we focus on the more fundamental subject that we as human beings want to live well, the autonomy of human beings that makes sense of this world, including architecture, seems to be much more important.
   For example, suppose you are thinking of building a house. Suppose, for example, that you want to live in a cold climate. Let's put such things that we can somehow make sense of as given conditions and things like cubes, which have no obvious basis and whose meanings we are not sure of, in the same line. In trying to redefine and interpret the meaning of these things, we, the designers and homeowners, become aware of our agency and autonomy, and this may lead to a humane lifestyle in which we actively affirm the environment in which we are placed.
5. Interpretation in the style of Colin Rowe
[The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa]
... and the realization of an idea which is represented by the house as a cube could also be presumed to lend itself very readily to the purposes of Virgilian dreaming. For here is set up the conflict between the absolute and the contingent, the abstract and the natural; and the gap between ideal world and the too human exigencies of realization here receives its most pathetic presentation. âŠ
 (Colin Rowe. 1947. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa. AR)
   The basic volume of this house is a 1:1:1 cube, except for the pitched roof volumes added to the front and rear. The configuration of the plane proceeds from front to back in a ratio of approximately 1â3 to 1 + â2 to 1 + â2 to 1â3, with 1 between the central columns. This ratio configuration is thoroughly maintained for horizontal as well as vertical directions. The fact that the middle span approximates the silver ratio to the center span may be more by chance than Japanese proportional aesthetics, but the extreme compression of the outer span relative to the expanded middle span transfers interest from the center to the middle. Also, the same ratio is thoroughly applied to the three axes, so that eight cubes of 1+â2 appear in the middle part, implying that gravity is equally placed in the center of each cube. In this house, the three-axis symmetrical configuration emphasizes the omnipresence of multiple centers in the middle, rather than their concentration in the center or their dispersion to the periphery.
   In this symmetrical configuration with equal symmetry of the three axes, the structural elements such as floors, walls, columns, and beams also participate in the attempt to relativize the top, bottom, left, and right equally. On the right side of the center, the verticality is emphasized by the wall surface that spans the first and second floors of the atrium, while on the left side of the second floor, the horizontality is emphasized by a floor surface the same size as that wall surface. Columns and beams appear horizontally and vertically with the same thickness, and the only suggestion of the existence of vertical forces is the triangular truss members connecting the upper and lower beams. Thus, the verticality of the walls and columns and the horizontality of the floor, which are usually constructed by gravity-based stacking, are here deconstructed, and equal importance is assigned to all six sides of the cube. The six equally gravitated sides, which are not discrete, keep their centers in a geometric placement and make up wholeness.
   This ambivalent attitude of avoiding discretization while eliminating centralized hierarchies is probably due to a rhizomatic worldview that recognizes the omnipresence of diverse centers. In a diversified society, what makes a building a house is the life itself, which is expressed as an action, and the "pro-gram" that continuously reproduces, inherits, and brings in customary beauty. Meanwhile, the theory of this house is a kind of postmodernism, a schismatic attempt to bring in the objective aesthetics of the past = mathematical norms, but thereby relativize the construction of the past and deconstruct the dichotomy between concentration and dispersion. And this theory that conflicts with the pro-gram and evokes our universal life force is geometry.
6. Interpretation as MUSIC
[Miles Davis]
âThe ambivalence that characterizes Miles Davis' music, persona, and passions, and that accompanies all of his codes of conduct, is a half-and-half mixture of the very straightforward and obvious, and the completely mysterious and unintelligible.â (Translation by the author)
Commentary on Miles Davis by jazz musician Naruyoshi Kikuchi.
   âModal jazz," perfected by Miles, is said to be characterized by improvisation within a scale called a "mode," unlike modern jazz, which was based on chord progressions. And it allowed for more flexible playing through modes, taking chord progressions that had become increasingly complex in the history of jazz up until then, and simplifying them radically.
Mode refers to scales that are different from those of Western music, indigenous and folkloric, such as the Japanese "yona nuki" scale, Okinawan scale, and Indonesian gamelan scale, and Miles is said to have perfected modal jazz when he discovered the African scale of the kalimba. Naruyoshi Kikuchi explains that modes, which are generally composed of seven notes, and modal jazz, which uses these modes, are "very difficult to play if you are asked to play freely with only seven notes because the degree of freedom is too high and the aesthetics and sense of the sound come out obviously.â (Translation by the author)Â
    This house could also possibly be interpreted as modal jazz or even Miles Davis. This house has a "very straightforward and obvious" configuration of 95cm-wide slits horizontally and vertically between eight cubes, but the rationale for this configuration is arbitrary, weak, and "unintelligible" as well. On the other hand, the walls, windows, shelves, and other parts that respond to the daily life are "straightforward" in terms of meaning, but their complex and excessive overall form is "unintelligible.
    Therefore, this house could be seen as a "modal jazz" in which a straightforwardly simple configuration is the "code," and the architect's arbitrariness, his/her habits, and the residents' tastes and lifestyles are "improvised" within the "mode" of the region and society of Hokkaido. And this may give rise to a "grooveâ in which the ambivalence between signification and manifestation vibrates.