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Viking Iron Sword, 10th-13th Century AD

2. A history of ambiguity

When Islam emerged in the seventh century CE, rules for relations between the sexes started to become more formalised. Nevertheless, it was accepted that not everyone fitted neatly into a clear male/female binary. Rather than denying the existence of such people or treating them as an obstacle to social order, early Islam found ways of accommodating them – ways that did not threaten the system and even, to some extent, helped it function more effectively. - See more at: http://www.al-bab.com/blog/2016/feb/trans-middle-east-2.htm#sthash.aWbYX1W7.dpuf

archaicwonder

Byzantine Gold and Garnet Ring, 9th-12th Century AD

dailyjunkie

Radical Islam via /r/funny http://ift.tt/1Ng5QsD

When the Moors Ruled in Europe PBS Documentary

The House of Wisdom grew rapidly with the acquisition of texts from Greece, Persia and India, swelling with the addition of the Arabic translations of these texts, a process that was already becoming an industry in Baghdad. This growth would have gathered pace with the use of paper, the production of which the Arabs had learnt from Chinese prisoners of war, as a new and cheaper writing material replacing papyrus and parchment. The translators would have had scribes recording their work and producing multiple copies of each text. By the middle of the ninth century, Baghdad had become the centre of the civilised world, attracting the very best of Arab and Persian philosophers and scientists for several centuries to come.

The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated power of reason and human intellectual power. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, His attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge is attained and one ascertains the truth of Islam and the Divine origins of the Qur'an, the intellect then interacts with scripture such that both reason and revelation come together to be the main source of guidance and knowledge for Muslims. Harun Nasution in the Mu'tazila and Rational Philosophy, translated in Martin (1997), commented on Mu'tazili extensive use of rationality in the development of their religious views saying: "It is not surprising that opponents of the Mu'tazila often charge the Mu'tazila with the view that humanity does not need revelation, that everything can be known through reason, that there is a conflict between reason and revelation, that they cling to reason and put revelation aside, and even that the Mu'tazila do not believe in revelation. But is it true that the Mu'tazila are of the opinion that everything can be known through reason and therefore that revelation is unnecessary? The writings of the Mu`tazila give exactly the opposite portrait. In their opinion, human reason is not sufficiently powerful to know everything and for this reason humans need revelation in order to reach conclusions concerning what is good and what is bad for them."[38]

coolthingoftheday

A group of women hand-weaving a carpet in Iran.

viking-blr

museum-of-artifacts

Viking ring castle in Denmark, dating from c. 980 AD.

islamicrenaissance

Mohammad Al-Fihri’s daughters, Fatima and Mariam, were well educated, due to their families wealth. After inheriting a large amount of money from their father, the girls vowed to spend their entire inheritance for the benefit of their community. Whilst Mariam headed the construction of the grand mosque Al-Andalus, Fatima planned on the building of another mosque called Al Karaouine which was said to be the largest in North Africa. It was in the midst of the construction of the mosque that the University of Al-Karaouine ( which is still part of the mosque today) was set up.

The University of Al-Karaouine was highly regarded back then as one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the Muslim world. Today, the Guinness Book of World Records has recognized it to be the oldest continuously operating institution of higher learning in the world.

That was not all, the unviersity played a leading role in cultural and academic relations between the Islamic world and Europe. A renowned Jewish philosopher and theologian Maimonides (Ibn Maimun) studied under Abdul Arab Ibn Muwashah. Apart from that, Ibn al-Arabi Ibn Khaldun and Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) were all connected with the university either as academicians or as students.

Alongside the Qur’an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), other subjects that were also taught were grammar, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music. Gradually, a broader range of subjects were introduced in the university particularly natural sciences, physics and foreign languages.

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theconsciousmuslim

Cultivate the self with learning in order to progress and leave all else; for knowledge is an abode of all things. The self is like glass, the knowledge, like a lamp, and the wisdom of God, like oil. When your self is illuminated - you are alive, and when there is darkness - you are dead.

Ibn Sīnā (via thelittlephilosopher)

al-muminun-deactivated20120723

Islamic sayings and translation

Assalamu ‘Alaikum when you meet a muslim Translation: Peace be upon you

Wa’alaikum Assalam a Muslim greets you Translation: And peace be upon you

Assalamu ‘alaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh formal and great greeting to a Muslim Translation: May the peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah be upon you

Wa’alaikum assalam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuh a Muslim greets you Translation: And peace and mercy and blessings of Allah be upon you

Hiyyak Allah When greeting someone after Salaams Translation: May Allah greet you (lit. May Allah preserve your life)

Bismillah arRahman arRahim before making a beginning Translation: In the name of Allah, most Gracious most Merciful

Jazak Allah Khairan for expression of thanks Translation: May Allah reward you with blessings (Reply: Wa iyak(i), wa iyakum; Trans. And you)

BarakAllahu feekum or Allah baraka feek(i) responding to someone’s thanks/ a way of expressing thanks Translation: May Allah bless you (Reply: Wa feek(i), Wa feekum; Trans.: And you)

Fi Amanillah by way of saying good-bye Translation: May Allah protect you

Subhanallah for praising something Translation: Glory be to Allah

Insha Allah for expressing a desire to do something Translation: If Allah wills/Through Allah’s will

Astaghfirullah Repenting for sins before Allah I beg Allah for forgiveness

Masha Allah for expressing appreciation of something good Translation: As Allah has willed/Praise be to Allah

Alhamdulillah for showing gratitude to Allah after success or even after completing anything Translation: Thanks be to Allah

Ameen the end of a Dua or prayer Translation: May it be so

Sallahu ‘alayhi wa salaam whenever say the name of Prophet Muhammad Translation: Peace be upon him (S.A.W.)

‘Alayhi salaam whenever say the name of a prophet Translation: Peace be upon him (A.S.)

Radi Allah ‘Anhu whenever say name of male companion of the Prophet (Sahabi) Translation: May Allah be pleased with him (R.A.)

Radi Allah ‘Anha whenever say name of female companion of the Prophet Translation: May Allah be pleased with her (R.A.)

Radi Allah ‘Anhum Plural form of saying companions of the Prophet Translation: May Allah be pleased with them (R.A.)

Innaa lillaahi wa innaa ilayhi raaji’oon this is uttered as an expression upon hearing the news of some loss or some one’s death Translation: To Allah we belong and to Him is our return

aathama allahu ajrakom uttered to family of deceased Translation: may Allah make your ajer (reward) great

Shakar Allahu Sa’yikum uttered to people who attend aaza – when friends go to send condolences upon death of a person Translation: May Allah accept that your effort

La hawla wala quwata illah billah during the time of troubles Translation: There is no strength nor power except Allah

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