Tjerk Bottema - Cartoon of Abraham Kuyper "Lousy Sinterklaas" - December 5, 1909
Abraham Kuijper (29 October 1837 – 8 November 1920), publicly known as Abraham Kuyper, was Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905, an influential neo-Calvinist theologian and also a journalist. He established the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, which upon its foundation became the second largest Reformed denomination in the country behind the state-supported Dutch Reformed Church.
In addition, he founded a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam and the Anti-Revolutionary Party. In religious affairs, he sought to adapt the Dutch Reformed Church to challenges posed by the loss of state financial aid and by increasing religious pluralism in the wake of splits that the church had undergone in the 19th century, rising Dutch nationalism, and the Arminian religious revivals of his day which denied predestination. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away. In politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) from its founding in 1879 to his death in 1920. He promoted pillarisation, the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life, whereby Protestant, Catholic and secular elements each had their own independent schools, universities and social organisations.
Pillarisation (Dutch: verzuiling) is the politico-denominational segregation of a society. These societies were (and in some areas, still are) "vertically" divided into several segments or "pillars" (zuilen, singular zuil) according to different religions or ideologies. The best-known examples of this have historically occurred in the Netherlands and Belgium.
These pillars all have their own social institutions: their own newspapers, broadcasting organisations, political parties, trade unions and farmers' associations, banks, schools, hospitals, universities, Scouting organisations and sports clubs. Some companies even hire only personnel of a specific religion or ideology. This leads to a situation where many people have no personal contact with people from another pillar.
Austrian, Iraqi Arab, Israeli, Lebanese, Maltese, Nigerian, Northern Irish, and Scottish societies may also be considered to have displayed aspects of pillarisation, historically or in the present time.
Tjerk Bottema (Bovenknijpe (municipality of Schoterland) 4 March 1882 - died on the sea on 21 June 1940) was a Dutch visual artist.
Bottema was born in 1882 as the son of the farmer Johannes Bottema and Tjitske de Vries. He was educated at the arts and crafts school Quellinus in Amsterdam. From 1901 to 1904 he followed the course at the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam. He was a pupil of August Allebé, Georg Sturm and Nicolaas van der Waay. He also received lessons at the Academy of Antwerp. Bottema worked as a visual artist in various locations in Friesland and outside Friesland in the province of North Holland and in Amsterdam. He worked abroad in Belgium, Germany, England, France and Italy.
Bottema was, among other things, draftsman, painter and graphic designer. For example, he produced prints for the political-satirical magazine De Notenkraker.
Bottema died on June 21, 1940 when the ship the Berenice was torpedoed in the Channel. On board the ship were also the poet Hendrik Marsman and his wife.
He was the brother of the well-known artist Tjeerd Bottema.