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Lychee

(variously spelled litchi, liechee, liche, lizhi or li zhi, or lichee) Chinese Cherry, Euphoria didyma, Lechia, Leechee, Lichee, Litchi, Litchi chinensis, Litchi philippinensis, Nephelium litchi.

(Litchi chinensis; Chinese: 荔枝; pinyin: lìzhī) is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae. It is a tropical tree native to the Guangdong and Fujian provinces of China, where cultivation is documented from 1059 AD. China is the main producer of lychees, followed by India, other countries in Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent and South Africa.

A tall evergreen tree, the lychee bears small fleshy fruits. The outside of the fruit is pink-red, roughly textured and inedible, covering sweet flesh eaten in many different dessert dishes. Since the perfume-like flavor is lost in the process of canning, the fruit is usually eaten fresh.

Lychee contains many phytochemicals. The seeds have been found to contain methylenecyclopropylglycine which can cause hypoglycemia, while outbreaks of encephalopathy in Indian and Vietnamese children have also been linked to its consumption.

There are three subspecies, determined by flower arrangement, twig thickness, fruit, and number of stamens.

Litchi chinensis is an evergreen tree that is frequently less than 15 m (49 ft) tall, sometimes reaching 28 m (92 ft).

The fleshy, edible portion of the fruit is an aril, surrounding one dark brown inedible seed that is 1 to 3.3 cm long and 0.6 to 1.2 cm wide (0.39–1.30 by 0.24–0.47 in).

The fruit can be dried with the rind intact, at which point the flesh shrinks and darkens. Dried lychees are often called lychee nuts, though they are not a real nut. Fresh whole lychee contains a total 72 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams of fruit, an amount representing 86% of the Daily Value (DV) (table, right). On average, consuming nine peeled lychee fruits would meet an adult’s daily vitamin C requirement.

Sugars: 15.23 g per 100 g”

Note of caution: Do not consume the seeds a lot or eat the (unripe) fruit on a empty stomach, as they severely effect blood sugar levels.

Anti-inflammatory (excerpt from research:” This in vivo study suggests that FRLFE (Flavanol-rich lychee fruit extract ) supplementation may suppress inflammation or tissue damage caused by high-intensity exercise training. “) *see research link PMC3976307/

Antioxidant (excerpt from research:” epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1 and A-type procyanidin trimer were the majority of main procyanidins in litchi pulp. “) *see research link PMC4368102/ , 11312772

Can be used as a safe food additive (antioxidant) *see research link 27213457

Contains procyanidin B2, a compound that accelerates hairgrowth faster than Minoxidil *see research link 27041875 ,11841365

Seeds contain protocatechuic acid which is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory * see research link 19645237 and wiki link

Anti-aging and melanin inhibiting, the peel extract ( excerpt from research:” Litchi extract proved significantly (p < 0.05) more effective for elastase and collagenase inhibition (88.29 ± 0.25% and 79.46 ± 0.92%, respectively) Extracts suppress melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cells “)

Organic sunscreen against uva & uvb (excerpt from research:” The extract was able to reduce the ROS production. The SPF obtained was 18.9 at 1mg/mL. Data herein obtained pointed out the potential of L. chinensis extract for photochemoprotection against UVA/UVB radiation and its damaging effects on human skin. “) *see research link 28086120/

Anti-thrombotic *see research link /22200762

Research on Litchi:

#herbalism #antiinflammatory #antioxidant #hair grow faster #hairgrowth #antiaging #beautiful skin #melanoma melanin #organic sunscreen #thrombosis #antithrombotic #litchi chinensis #lychee #vascular health #hiit

Novel Products divert Attention towards the Antithrombotic Drugs Market

Since the 1930s, antithrombotic therapy has been used as the key medical therapy for treating thrombotic diseases. Studies have stated that venous or arterial thrombosis is one of the leading causes of mobility and mortality worldwide. However, the implementation of these drugs has led to one of the terrified iatrogenic illnesses. Over the years, developments have risen potential improvements in medications with regards to the ability to eradicate or cause no bleeding.

In comparison with traditional therapies, varied novel products are developed, including enhanced drugs action and clinical profiles. Moreover, the conclusion of a wide range of research with evidence has defined the functioning of Factor X that can prevent coagulation by abbreviating the formation of thrombus without the danger of bleeding. Thus, Factor X is under detailed examination to develop novel anticoagulant therapies.

Governments worldwide are formulating several healthcare policies and initiating programs to make the country healthy. The prime contributor to this attention is the growing aging population, leading to a surge in surgeries that boosted the demand for NOACS. Our estimations suggest that the global antithrombotic drugs market will witness a growth rate of 6.79% between 2019 and 2027.

Currently, the product type market is segmented into three main classes – Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet and Thrombin Inhibitors. In short, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs are commonly known as blood thinners, and thrombin inhibitors delay thrombin activity that prevents clot formation in the blood.

Below is the list of some Top Products from the Above Three Classes that are leading the Global Antithrombotic Drugs Market:

Xarelto (Rivaroxaban)

In terms of revenue, Xarelto is known to hold the best performance in the market. This thrombin inhibitor is part of a drug class – direct factor XA inhibitors. The product is marketed by Bayer across the globe, and another company, Jansen Pharmaceutical, markets in the United States. Currently, Xarelto is a patent-protected product that expires in 2022 and 2024, specifically in the U.S. The product is also said to be safeguarded from the threat of generic competition, therefore, to witness blooming prospects in the future.

Eliquis (Apixaban)

Eliquis is another leading factor XA inhibitor, holding a majority market share in terms of revenue. The product is marketed by two companies: Bristol-Myers Squib and Pfizer. Eliquis holds its patent protection till 2023 in the United States and by 2022 in the EU. In addition, Eliquis is also anticipated to continue its revenue lead over the coming years.

Pradaxa (Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate)

Over a period of time, Pradaxa is one to be the most known direct thrombin inhibitor drug on the market. On the contrary, the product sale has seen a slack due to the emergence of other thrombin inhibitors. The company marketing Pradaxa is Boehringer Ingelheim. The product generated a revenue of $1.8 billion in 2015 and is projected to grow steadily in the coming years. Pradaxa patent expired on July 17, 2021.

LOVENOX (ENOXAPARIN)

Lovenox is an anticoagulant drug marketed and commercialized by Sanofi. It is low molecular weight heparin, indicated for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. It also helps prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with knee/hip replacement and abdominal surgeries or medical patients with severely restricted mobility during acute illness. However, the patent expiration of Lovenox in 2012 has led to a strong decline in its revenue sales.

Plavix (Clopidogrel)

Plavix was jointly developed and marketed by Sanofi and Bristol-Myers Squibb. The drug’s patent expired in 2012, which is responsible for the major decline in its revenues. Plavix and its generic versions earned revenues of $2.2 billion in 2015, but its revenue graph is expected to witness a further decrease in the coming years.

Conclusion

The key concern acknowledged by the operating players in the market is the safety of the antithrombotic drugs, obligated to its precarious aftermath, including liver damage, burning sensation, itching etc. Hence, the companies are striving for technological innovations to completely eradicate these allergic reactions from the drugs, making them safer.

#Antithrombotic Drugs Market #Antithrombotic Drugs #Antithrombotic #Drugs #Medicine #Healthcare #Lifesciences #inkwood research #inkwood #market research #market research report #market research reports

Heparin Sodium

Therapeutic Class: A complex glycosaminoglycan used clinically for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties.

Common Injectable Dosage Forms: Injection: Range from 10 units/mL to 20,000 units/mL either as vials, prefilled syringes, or premixed solutions for IV infusion

Dosage Ranges:

For full dose continuous IV infusion for adults: Use a loading dose of 5000 units followed by doses of 20,000-45,000 units per day.

For low-dose prophylaxis of postoperative DVT: Use 5000 units subcutaneously every 8-12 hours for 5-7 days or until fully ambulatory.

For use in disseminated intravascular coagulation: Doses of 50-100 units/kg and 25-50 units/kg for children are given every 4 hours. If no improvement is seen in 4-8 hours, the drug should be discontinued.

In cases of cardiac or vascular surgery: In procedures lasting less than one hour, use a dose of 300 units/kg. For procedures over one hour, use 400 units/kg.

To maintain venipuncture catheter devices: Doses of 10-100 units are used to flush when medications are administered then every 8 hours during periods of inactivity.

Administration and Stability: For full-dose therapy, continuous IV infusion is preferred due to lower incidence of bleeding complications and more constant degree of anticoagulation. Dilute the concentrated heparin in a compatible dextrose-containing or saline solution, or use a commercially prepared solution, and administer at a rate to provide the desired dose. Intermittent IV injections may be prepared by giving undiluted or further diluting with 50-100 mL of NS. Deep subcutaneous injection may be performed above the iliac crest or into the abdominal fat layer. Do not massage after injection. IM injection is NOT recommended due to frequency of pain, irritation, and hematoma at injection site. pH 5-8

Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics: Heparin acts as a catalyst to markedly accelerate the rate at which antithrombins III neutralizes thrombin and activated coagulation factor X. Anticoagulation occurs within 20-30 minutes following SQ injection and is immediate with intravenous use; the duration of anticoagulant effect is 1.5 hours. The volume of distribution is 0.07 L/kg and protein binding to low-density lipoprotein and fibrinogen occurs. The drug is metabolized hepatically, and followed by renal excretion, with a renal clearance of 0.5-0.5 mL/kg/minute.

Drug and Lab Interactions: Drugs which affect platelet function (ASPIRIN, NSAIDs, DIPYRIDAMOLE, TICLOPIDINE) may increase risk of hemorrhage and should be used with caution. Concomitant use of STREPTOKINASE and UROKINASE may also result in hemorrhage and should be avoided. Heparin prolongs prothrombin time, and care should be used in evaluating this test in patients on warfarin or other anticoagulants which use this test as a therapeutic monitor.

Contraindications/Precautions: All patients should be screened prior to initiation of therapy to rule out bleeding disorders. As heparin has caused acute thrombocytopenia, platelet counts should be monitored both before and during therapy, and the drug is contraindicated in patients with this disorder. It is also contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled bleeding disorders. Patients who are on heparin therapy should be frequently checked for signs of internal hemorrhage, and therapy should be discontinued when such hemorrhage is suspected. Pregnancy Category C.

Monitoring Parameters: Platelet counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, signs of bleeding, aPTT

Adverse Effects: Hemorrhage, the major adverse effect of heparin therapy, is an extension of the pharmacologic action of the drug and can range from minor to major complications. Use of the drug has also been known to cause tissue necrosis, thrombocytopenia, vasospasm, hyperkalemia, and hypersensitivity.

Common Clinical Applications: An effective parenteral anticoagulant used in therapy or prophylaxis of thrombosis or thromboembolism affecting virtually any site, for maintaining IV catheter patency, as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for evolving myocardial infarction, as an adjunct to extracorporeal therapies including hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and in the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

#sigler injectable drug cards #7th edition #heparin sodium #anticoagulan #antithrombotic #drug facts

Antithrombotic Therapy During Pregnancy

Read More : https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ajps/v1-i2/4.pdf ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Read More About Journal : https://www.arcjournals.org/journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences

#pharmaceutical #pharmaceuticalsciences #antithrombotic #Pregnancy

When two is better than three: Dual antithrombotic ther... - http://wp.me/p91bka-7VJ - #Antithrombotic, #Dual, #Ther, #TopStories

#antithrombotic #dual #ther #top_stories

Antithrombotics - the difference between Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics

Antithrombotic Agents are used to prevent thrombotic events, prevent the complications of thrombotic events and to restore vascular patency. The following 3 types of therapies are types of Antithrombotic Agents.

1. Antiplatelets (Aspirins, Thienopyridines, GpIIb/IIIa Antagonists): These are used to treat common cardiovascular diseases, including the anginas, AMI, TIA and AF, as well as acting as a key preventative medication following Cardiovascular surgery or events to reduce the incidence of future cardiovascular events and overall mortality. This class of drugs acts on a number of different targets, such as COX (Aspirin), ADP Receptor (Clopidogrel), Platelet Adhesion Glycoprotein Gp Ib (Abciximab) and the Platelet Agonist Thrombin.

2. Anticoagulants (LMWH, Warfarin): These are used to prevent and treat thrombosis. They share a common mechanism of binding to Antithrombin and potentiating its effects. In Warfarin therapy, an INR of 2.0-3.0 is recommended (except in heart valve replacement - INR 2.5-3.5)

3. Fibrinolytics (Streptokinase, rt-PA): Key applications include the management of VTE, MI and Central venous line-associated thrombosis. These activate plasminogen to form plasmin, which degrades fibrinogen to form fibrin.

Reference - Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

#COX #LMWH #anticoagulant #antiplatelet #antithrombotic #aspirin #clopidogrel #fibrinolytic #warfarin #medicine