Adventures in Nutrition: Rabbit Starvation
Rabbit starvation is a very peculiar metabolic state that very few fully understand, but with all the zero-carb, carnivore-crazed folks on Twitter, this is something people need to understand and to my knowledge, there is no good write up anywhere online that can be translated to your way of eating.
Etymological Introduction
Rabbit starvation refers to a very unique state of malaise that occurs when one lives exclusively off rabbits, which are a very lean meat. However, it can be induced from a variety of other causes and anybody exploring all-meat diets should understand this issue. It is sometimes called protein poisoning, but I do not accept that term because simply adding fat to the diet without lowering protein intake alleviates the symptoms in many cases.
Biological and Nutritional Background
Rabbit starvation is caused by consuming too high a percentage of your calories from protein without being dramatically calorie deficit. It seems to have something to do with the body having a finite ability to process protein and when you exceed that, your whole body gets very out of whack. No matter how much protein you consume, even to the point of feeling physically like your stomach is going to explode, you never feel satiated, and this gnawing hunger grows within you. Generally, it eventually leads to extreme cravings for fat.
Strangely enough, the symptoms of rabbit starvation ease if you simply eat less of whatever you were eating that triggered it. As you ease off from the limits of your body’s ability to process protein, your body switches to burning its own body fat stores which alleviates most of the symptoms. This is why a very low calorie, high protein diet doesn’t cause rabbit starvation. Dietary supplements don’t seem have a dramatic effect one way or the other. Carbohydrates also cure rabbit starvation, though not quite as “nicely” (subjective experience speaking here) as fat probably because the body can easily use them to synthesize lipids.
I used to get multiple deer in a typical year, so during the appropriate season I would have a diet that consisted largely of exquisitely dry-aged, personally hand-butchered wild venison. I found I tended to be in some of the best health of my life when I was eating that meat in generous quantities. The problem was that I would always feel a little, well, off, right around the point where the meat was at its peak of dry aged goodness and I was eating as much as possible before I had to commit it to the freezer. I began researching the subject, and quickly found that what I was experiencing was mild rabbit starvation.
Since then, I’ve induced it on a controlled basis using chicken breast and a relatively uncontrolled basis using certain other lean game meats and lean seafood. (I have an extreme love for game and seafood, so given an unlimited supply I am known to push the limits of how much I can eat, often because the unlimited supply is best fresh.) It typically takes 3-4 days for clear symptoms to appear, though it can appear in as little as 2 days if glycogen stores are low and protein levels are very high and fat is negligible. The two characteristic symptoms are a kind of gnawing, hard to satiate hunger which evolves into an extreme craving for oil and fat. (In one controlled trial, I drank a cup of liquid safflower oil at the end - it was the strangest and most weirdly satisfying experience of my life.)
Interestingly, not all proteins are created equally. It seems very hard to induce rabbit starvation using whey protein isolate, and relatively easier using meat derived proteins. It may have to do with the amino acid profile varying with different amino acids being glucogenic, ketogenic, or varying based on biological conditions. When it comes to a meat only diet, I have found that when you drop below around 7% of the meat weight being fat, you get into the range that can induce rabbit starvation, and there are a good number of cuts available at the typical store that fall into that range.
Basically, if you are eating quite a lot of meat every day, and it’s pretty lean, and you somehow don’t feel right, stop and make sure you are getting enough fat. Or if your goal is weight loss, cut back the total amount of meat you are taking in. Either can alleviate rabbit starvation. I suspect that a number of people experimenting with meat-based diets have had mild signs of rabbit starvation and ceased the regimen due to a hard-to-identify dysphoria that is mild rabbit starvation.
Please follow me on Twitter and direct any questions there! This article isn’t meant to be the last word, I am always open to correcting and ammending!