NPS Photo of a cedar tree at Mount Rainier National Park with a section of peeled bark. Shorter sections of bark like this could have been used to create folded baskets with sewed edges. Longer peeled sections are also collected for strips to weave baskets.
Native American Heritage Month - Western Red Cedar
Going back thousands of years, nearly every part of a Western red cedar tree has a use by indigenous people. The wood is harvested for house planks and posts, storage containers, canoes, ceremonial materials, and religious items. In coastal areas, the withes, or thin flexible branches, are made into ropes for whaling and for bindings. The roots are used for binding and basketry. Uses of red cedar bark include basketry, clothing, and cordage. Bark infusions were consumed to help regulate menstruation while an infusion of twigs and bark treated kidney conditions. Drinking infusions of boughs was used to treat colds, coughs, and sore throats. Chewing the buds served to relive the pain of toothaches.
Jack McCloud, a member of the Nisqually Tribe, describes traditional tools to peel cedar bark. “Back then we used like a sharp rock and pounded it through the bark. …to get it started you take anything sharp …, some people would sharpen a horn, something … to get underneath the bark. That is, all you have to do is get it started, then take it by the hand, and start peeling it. And you can peel it, if you are lucky, 50-60 feet… everybody had a different method… As we were told, take up to a third to a quarter of the bark and it won’t kill the tree, and we were taught that. Don’t kill the tree and let the tree grow again. It will grow back, some of the bark, not all of it.” (Jack McCloud 2015)
NPS Photo of bark peeling tools. Tools can be knives or fashioned out of antlers.
Studies of traditional cedar bark harvesting have found that bark harvesting in this fashion (peeling a single strip two-hands wide or no more than a third of the circumference of the tree) does not reduce the growth rates or survival of bark-peeled cedars.
Excerpts are from “Plants, Tribal Traditions, and the Mountain”, G. Burtchard, D. Hooper, & A. Peterson, 2024, pp 135-148. Available at https://go.nps.gov/Plants-TribalTraditionsReport
