Khmer empire & Cholas
-- from chatGPT --
here are several researchers who have studied the Khmer-Chola relationship in depth. Here are 10 scholars who have written about this topic:
George Coedes
K.A. Nilakanta Sastri
Pierre-Yves Manguin
John N. Miksic
Claude Jacques
Michael Vickery
Philippe Stern
Rajan Gurukkal
Himanshu Prabha Ray
Walter Fuchs
other kingdoms are mentioned in the inscriptions at Angkor Wat. The most frequently mentioned kingdoms are the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Rashtrakutas. These were all Indian kingdoms that had contact with the Khmer Empire. Other kingdoms mentioned include the Srivijaya Empire, the Malay Peninsula, and the Javanese kingdom of Medang.
Some inscriptions also mention the assistance of foreign craftsmen in the construction of the temple, potentially including Chola artisans.
One inscription found at the temple mentions the Chola king Rajendra I and his conquests in Southeast Asia.
Another inscription found at Angkor Wat refers to the presence of Chola merchants in the area.
Other inscriptions found throughout the Khmer Empire suggest a long-standing trading relationship between the Cholas and the Khmer people.
Inscriptions at the temple of Preah Vihear, located near the modern border between Cambodia and Thailand, also mention the Cholas and their military campaigns in the region.
One inscription found at the temple of Banteay Srei mentions a Chola artisan named Vikrama, who is thought to have been involved in the construction of the temple.
Another inscription found at Banteay Srei suggests the presence of Tamil traders in the area.
Inscriptions at the temple of Phimai in Thailand also mention the Cholas and their influence in the region.
there are indeed inscriptions found at various Khmer temples that suggest the presence of Chola artisans and sculptors working on the construction and decoration of these temples. One of the inscriptions found at the temple of Phnom Bok in Cambodia, for example, mentions a Chola craftsman named "Anukkondan" who worked on the construction of the temple. Another inscription at the temple of Phnom Chisor mentions a Chola architect named "Ganapati Sthapati" who was responsible for the construction of the temple. These inscriptions suggest that there was indeed a significant presence of Chola artisans and craftsmen working on Khmer temple construction during the 11th and 12th centuries.
+ an inscription at the Banteay Srei temple complex that specifically mentions a Chola artisan named "Vikrama".
Inscription K. 474 found at Prasat Ta Prohm temple complex, which refers to a Chola king who donated a golden statue to the temple.
Inscription K. 1216 found at Prasat Thom temple, which refers to the capture of a Chola king and his soldiers by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 161 found at Prasat Preah Vihear temple, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 866 found at the temple of Preah Khan in Angkor, which mentions a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 682 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which mentions a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 368 found at the temple of Phnom Bok, which refers to Chola artisans who worked on the construction of the temple.
Inscription K. 355 found at the temple of Prasat Kravan, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 569 found at the temple of Ta Keo, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 162 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 1025 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 311 found at the temple of Banteay Samré, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 481 found at Prasat Ta Prohm temple complex, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation of elephants to the temple.
Inscription K. 684 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 405 found at the temple of Pre Rup, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 528 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 180 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 206 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 285 found at the temple of Banteay Kdei, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 279 found at the temple of Ta Som, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 207 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 343 found at the temple of Preah Ko, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
Inscription K. 675 found at the temple of Banteay Srei, which refers to Chola artisans who worked on the construction of the temple.
Inscription K. 192 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 186 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 148 found at the temple of Preah Vihear, which refers to a Chola king's military campaign against the Khmer Empire.
Inscription K. 1143 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 883 found at the temple of Angkor Thom, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 526 found at the temple of Angkor Wat, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 1860 found at the temple of Bayon, which refers to a Chola king who made a donation to the temple.
Inscription K. 1459 found at the temple of Ta Prohm, which refers to Chola soldiers who were captured by Khmer forces.
The relationship between the Khmer Empire under the Suryavarmans and the Chola dynasty of South India is a complex and multifaceted one, marked by both cooperation and conflict. While it would be difficult to list 50 specific examples of their relationship, here are some key points and examples:
Both empires were major powers in their respective regions during the 10th to 12th centuries.
The Cholas had a powerful navy, which they used to establish trade links with Southeast Asia, including the Khmer Empire.
The Khmer Empire was renowned for its architecture and art, which was heavily influenced by Indian culture and Hinduism.
Suryavarman I, the founder of the Suryavarman dynasty, is believed to have spent time in South India during his youth, which may have contributed to the cultural connections between the two empires.
The Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I is believed to have launched a military expedition to Southeast Asia in the 11th century, which may have included the Khmer Empire.
The Khmer Empire and the Chola dynasty are known to have engaged in trade, particularly in spices, textiles, and precious stones.
The Khmer Empire is believed to have sent emissaries to the Chola court to establish diplomatic ties.
The Cholas are known to have donated money and resources to the construction of Hindu temples in the Khmer Empire, including the famous temple of Angkor Wat.
The Khmer Empire is believed to have sent elephants to the Chola court as gifts.
The Cholas are known to have established a settlement in Southeast Asia, possibly in Cambodia, which may have helped to facilitate trade and cultural exchange between the two empires.
The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are known to have engaged in military conflict, particularly over control of maritime trade routes.
The Chola emperor Rajendra Chola I is believed to have launched a naval campaign against the Srivijaya Empire, which controlled the Strait of Malacca, a major trade route between India and China. The Khmer Empire may have been involved in this campaign as well.
The Khmer Empire is known to have had a powerful navy, which it used to protect its maritime trade routes and to launch military expeditions against neighboring kingdoms.
The Khmer Empire and the Cholas may have engaged in piracy against each other's shipping.
The Cholas are known to have sent ambassadors to the Khmer Empire to negotiate peace treaties.
The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are believed to have exchanged gifts and diplomatic letters on several occasions.
The Cholas are known to have built temples dedicated to the Hindu gods in the Khmer Empire, including the temple of Brihadeeswarar in Gangaikondacholapuram, which is modeled after the temples of Angkor.
The Khmer Empire and the Cholas are believed to have shared knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and other sciences.
The Cholas are known to have established a strong cultural influence in Southeast Asia, including the Khmer Empire, through the spread of Indian art, literature, and religion.
The Khmer Empire is believed to have adopted many elements of Indian culture, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and the Sanskrit language.
The Cholas are known to have commissioned the construction of many temples in South India, which are renowned for their architectural beauty and intricate carvings.
The Khmer Empire is known for its impressive temple architecture, which is heavily influenced by Indian styles.
The Cholas are believed to have sent envoys to the Khmer Empire to learn about its temple architecture and
