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We The People - Electric Fields

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Potential

"How Does the Potential Get from A to B in a Plasma?" is a question/title of a review paper by the late world-renowned plasma physicist professor Noah Hershkowitz (who happened to be my PhD advisor). True to his style in many of his papers that he published where he framed the title of the paper in a question, rather than a descriptive statement.

In this particular invited review paper, he shows his concern, as any physicist, when it comes to a fundamental question in nature regarding the existence of a "field" that maybe necessary, in particular, for electromagnetic phenomena to take place. But we know that in plasma physics many of its waves and instabilities would not have existed to begin with if the plasma state of matter itself was not around. In this sense, some of the plasma phenomena are different than other EM waves that can propagate in near vacuum, for example.

Noah, as we used to call him amicably, did spend the better part of his later career focusing on fundamental plasma physics topics related to inventing accurate instruments to measure the plasma potential inside a laboratory plasma system (e.g. emissive probes). This was after he was done with his major research in fusion and the impactful research he did in semiconductor chips manufacturing, where 50% of these manufacturing steps involves plasma processes.

How does the potential get from A to B in a plasma? when answering the questions systemically in similar experiments, we can draw up the mathematical gradient of the charge potential maps, thereby producing the structure of the electric field where interesting waves and particle interactions occur.

Image: Magnetospheric equipotential contours near the Earth, inferred from satellite data. While potential double layers provide magnetospheric acceleration of the energetic electrons that produce aurora, and even that it seems there is no question that weak potential double layers are present, whether they are present in sufficient numbers or sufficiently often, the referenced paper remarks that there is no consensus yet exists on this question. [Ref. ALT Text]

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Helical liquid crystals can flip light's chirality under ultralow electric fields

The direction in which the electromagnetic field of circularly polarized light rotates can be easily reversed by applying a voltage, RIKEN researchers have demonstrated. This could enable a new generation of optical devices based on circularly polarized light. The work is published in two papers in the journal Advanced Materials. Why circular polarization matters Polarized sunglasses produce light that is polarized along a single direction. But some special devices can generate light with a polarization that rotates as the light propagates. Such circularly polarized light is useful for many applications, including spectroscopy, satellite communications, stereoscopy and microscopy.

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