May 1941, Captain America Comics #3: The Red Skull is wreaking his usual havoc, rustling up a gang of thugs and their Captain America and Bucky imposters. One of the good-for-nothing scammers has the misfortune of discovering the awesome power of the Skull’s “touch of death”, and a single touch to the Skull has his body dropping to the floor.
The Skull flaunts his “touch of death”, the horrific idea of a death-bringing touch adding to the fear and mystique around himself from which he draws his power. Bucky, however— the real Bucky— being the smart kid that he is, has the Skull all figured out. He knows that behind the mask, the Skull is just a man and that he has no terrible, death-bringing powers, but just a trick of innovative science.
So where did writer Jack Kirby cook up such an (admittedly still quite terrifying) idea? Was the Skull’s electricity-laden outfit just a figure of imaginative fantasy invented to add to Red Skull’s unique brand of horror, or was there some precedent in 1941 for the concept?
Perhaps one of the earliest uses of an electrical current in some form of electroshock weapon was with the invention of an “electric whaling apparatus”, a type of electric harpoon patented by Dr. Albert Sonnenburg and Philip Reohton for “catching and securing sperm and right whales” in 1852. Similar technology was seen later with the invention of the cattle prod which, though it was patented in 1890 by John M. Burton, only started to become popularly used in the 1930s and 40s.
Though cattle prods in their original or in any modified forms can now be associated with police and particularly aggressive riot control methods, they weren’t really put to such uses until even later— in the 1960s with the Civil Rights movement and its many associated protests.
At least one particularly inventive individual saw such a possibility with the technology in the years immediately preceding Captain America’s birth, though. In 1935, a Cuban inventor named Cirilo Hernandez Diaz utilized Model T vibrator coils (which were used in the ignition of early cars) to design an electric glove to be worn by policemen for the purpose of subduing rioters.
The glove was designed to be discreet, the being comprised of a battery “not larger than a revolver holster” meant to be carried on the hip, a wire to be drawn through the wearer’s sleeve, and a single insulated glove. The original design, giving a 1,500-volt shock, was meant to hurt but not permanently damage or burn its recipient. Diaz posited, though, that the voltage of the current could be stepped up to any figure— a fact that leaves open the possibility of a hidden electroshock death weapon very much in vein with the Red Skull’s electric wiring “touch of death”.