#grid monitoring

[inhandnetworks-blog]

Ultracold Neutrons Could E DIN-Rail router  scape to Another Braneworld

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While it might sound like science-fiction, the idea that the Universe is embedded in a broader multidimensional space is something that cosmologists have been pondering. The cosmos might exist in parallel with outer universes in other sets of dimensions. These universes are called braneworlds. If this is an accurate description of what’s happening, then the Universe could end up inside another one.

A few years ago, Michael Sarrazin of the University of Namur in Belgium and his colleagues showed how baryonic matter might make the leap into other universes in the presence of large magnetic potentials. This has provided a theoretical basis for matter swapping.

Today, Sarrazin et al. believe that our galaxy might provide a large enough magnetic potential for this to occur. If this is the case, then it’s conceivable that this phenomenon can be observed in a laboratory setting. Some experiments, involving trapping ultracold neutrons in bottles at L’Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France and the Saint-Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physi M2M router cs, are already underway which might prove an inkling on how this could happen.

Ultracold neutrons move so slowly that it’s possible to trap them in bottles that are made up of magnetic fields. The rate of the neutron decay could be partially explained by the result of neutrons jumping from our universe into another. Sarrazin has measured this probability, and it’s about one in a million. T VPN industrial router for commercial and industrial and M2M/IoT applications  his doesn’t confirm whether actual matter swapping takes  Industrial IoT  place, only that when it does, it doesn’t happen very often.

According to some of their theoretical work, if there is a change in the gravitational potential, it should also affect the rate of matter swapping. If they carry out a neutron trapping experiment that lasts a whole year, long enough for the Earth to complete at least on revolution around the sun, and if the decay rate varies, then that could be a strong indication that matter swapping is actually occurring.

[via Technology Review, images by Particle Physics UK and CWNL]

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New Polymer Material Uses Carbon Dioxide to cellular router manufacturer   Self‐Repair

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Diagrams illustrate the self-healing properties of the new material. At top, a crack is created in the material, which is composed of a hydrogel (dark green) with plant-derived chloroplasts (light green) embedded in it. At bottom, in the presence of light, the material reacts with carbon diox smart grid  ide in the air to expand and fill the gap, repairing the damage. Courtesy of the researchers

A material designed by MIT chemical engineers can react with carbon dioxide from the air, to grow, strengthen, and even repair itself. The polymer, which might someday be used as construction or repair material or for protective coatings, continuously converts the greenhouse gas into a carbon-based material that reinforces itself.

The current version of the new material is a synthetic gel-like substance that performs a chemical process similar to the way plants incorporate carbon dioxide from the air into their growing tissues. The material might, for example, be made into panels of a lightweight matrix that could be shipped to a construction site, where they would harden and solidify just from exposure to air and sunlight, thereby saving on the energy and cost of transportation.

The finding is described in a paper in the journal Advanced Materials, by Professor Michael Strano, postdoc Seon-Yeong Kwak, and eight others at MIT and at the University of California at Riverside

“This is a completely new concept in materials science,” says Strano, the Carbon C. Dubbs Professor of Chemical Engineering. “What we call carbon-fixing materials don’t exist yet today” outside of the biological realm, he says, describing materials that can transform carbon dioxide in the ambient air into a solid, stable form, using only the power of sunlight, just as plants do.

Developing a synthetic material that not only avoids the use of fossil fuels for its creation, but actually consumes carbon dioxide from the air, has obvious benefits for the environment and climate, the researchers point out. “Imagine a synthetic material that could ptcrb certified   grow like trees, taking the carbon from the carbon dioxide and incorporating it into the material’s backbone,” Strano says.

The material the team used in these initial proof-of-concept experiments did make use of one biological component — chloroplasts, the light-harnessing components within plant cells, which the researchers obtained from spinach leaves. The chloroplasts are not alive but catalyze the reaction of carbon dioxide to glucose. Isolated chloroplasts are quite unstable, meaning that they tend to stop functioning after a few hours when removed from the plant. In their paper, Strano and his co-workers demonstrate methods to significantly increase the catalytic lifetime of extracted chloroplasts. In ongoing and future work, the chloroplast is being replaced by catalysts that are nonbiological in origin, Strano explains.

The material the researchers used, a gel matrix composed of a polymer made from aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA) and glucose, an enzyme called glucose oxidase, and the chloroplasts, becomes stronger as it incorporates the carbon. It is not yet strong enough to be used as a building material, though it might function as a crack filling or coating material, the researchers say.

The team has worked out methods to produce materials of this type by the ton, and is now focusing on optimizing the material’s properties. Commercial applications such as self-healing coatings and crack filling are realizable in the near term, they say, whereas additional advances in backbone chemistry and materials science are needed before construction materials and composites can be developed.

One key advantage of such materials is they would be self-repairing upon exposure to sunlight or some indoor lighting, Strano says. If the surface is scratched or cracked, the affected area grows to fill in the gaps and repair the damage, without requiring any external action.

While there has been widespread effort to develop self-healing materials that could mimic this ability of biological organisms, the researchers say, these have all required an active outside input to function. Heating, UV light, mechanical stress, or chemical treatment were needed to activate the process. By contrast, these materials need nothing but ambient light, and they incorporate mass from carbon in the atmosphere, which is ubiquitous.

The material starts out as a liquid, Kwak says, adding, “it is exciting to watch it as it starts to grow and cluster” into a solid form.

“Materials science has never produced anything like this,” Strano says. “These materials mimic some aspects of something living, even though it’s not reproducing.” Because the finding opens up a wide array of possible follow-up research, the U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a new program directed by Strano to develop it further.

“Our work shows that carbon dioxide need not be purely a burden and a cost,” Strano says. “It is also an opportunity in this respect. There’s carbon everywhere. We build the world with carbon. Humans are made of carbon. Making a material that can access the abundant carbon all around us is a significant opportunity for materials science. In this way, our work is about making materials that are not just carbon neutral, but carbon negative.”

The research team included Juan Pablo Giraldo at UC Riverside Dual SIM M2M router  , and Tedrick Lew, Min Hao Wong, Pingwei Liu, Yun Jung Yang, Volodomyr Koman, Melissa McGee and Bradley Olsen at MIT. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Publication: Seon‐Yeong Kwak, et al., “Polymethacrylamide and Carbon Composites that Grow, Strengthen, and Self‐Repair using Ambient Carbon Dioxide Fixation,” Advanced Materials, 2018; doi:10.1002/adma.201804037

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Glass Sponge Produces a Perf distribution line sensor  ectly Periodic Three-Dimensional Protein/Silica Mesoporous Structure

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A segment of approximately one-centimeter-thick glass rod that is used by Monorhaphis chuni to attach itself to the ocean’s floor. The inner structure of the filament, passing through the center of this giant glass rod, resembles the structure of synthetic mesoporous materials. However, the microstructure of this naturally occurring material is more regular than the synthetic counterparts. Credit: Igor Zlotnikov / MPI of Colloids and Interfaces

Researchers from the Max Planck Institute have discovered that the marine sponge Monorhaphis chuni forms a glass filament with a perfect periodic arrangement of nanopores employing a similar method that is used for fabrication of man-made mesoporous nanomaterials.

Materials made by man and those made by biological organisms often deal with similar synthesis challenges – occasionally converging on an analogous solution independently. One example is the giant glass rod that is used by the sea sponge M. chuni to anchor itself in marine environments. A collaborative effort by researchers from the Max Planck Institutes of Colloids and Interfaces and of Microstructure Physics has now uncovered and analyzed the nanostructure of the filament passing through the center of this giant glass rod. The researchers discovered that it is structured almost exactly like the nanoporous man-made nanomaterials, which are relevant for many applications in fields such as biomedicine, sensor technology and chemical catalysis. M. Chuni forms the glass around regularly arranged proteins, called silicateins, measuring approximately five nanometers in size. This creates a structure resembling stacks of eggs in cartons, where the eggs correspond to the protein molecules, while the cartons represent the glass. Artificial glass nanoporous structures are produced around droplets of fats or complex polymers. However, the size and the spatial arrangement of the pores in materials produced in this way are not as uniform as of the protein-filled cavities in the glass filament of M. chuni.

The amount of surface area often plays an important role in materials used in medicine and technology and normally, it should be as large as possible. It can accommodate, for instance, large quantities of pharmaceutical agents and release them gradually in the body. In chemistry, the efficiency of numerous processes is dependent on catalysts exhibiting a large surface on which reactions can occur. In sensors, for example, the sensitivity is strongly dependent on the amount of surface to which the detected molecules can attach. Porous structures are a good example for such materials.

Materials having pores measuring between 2 to 50 nanometers are particularly well suited for such purposes. Scientists refer to these as mesoporous structures, to distinguish them from structures that are microporous, having smaller pores, or macroporous, with larger pores. Recently, Igor Zlotnikov and Peter Fratzl, who study biomaterials at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in collaboration with the team of Peter Werner from the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Emil Zolotoyabko from the Israeli Institute of Technology and Yannicke Dauphin from the Université P. & M. Curie, have discovered a mesoporous material in nature, namely in the glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni. The sponge lives on the bottom of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and forms an approximately one-centimeter-thick glass rod to attach itself to the ocean’s floor. Over the course of its life, the rod can grow up to three meters in length. The glass filament, passing through the center of this rod, is perforated with pores having a diameter of about five nanometers. Each pore is occupied by an egg-shaped protein molecule, called silicatein, connected to the protein molecules in adjacent pores through holes in the glass.

The glass sponge sets standards for the regularity in size and arrangement of pores

Pore distribution in the glass filament resembles stacked, pallet-like egg cartons. Each cavity is occupied by one protein molecule, called silicatein, measuring approximately five nanometers in size. Credit: Igor Zlotnikov / MPI of Colloids and Interfaces

“Mesoporous glass structures are among the most studied materials. This makes it even more exiting to find them in nature,” says Igor Zlotnikov. “Presumably, this structure is not limited to M. chuni, but can also occur in other glass sponges.” However, not only does M. chuni produces a mesoporous material that is technologically relevant; the sponge sets standards in terms of size distribution and arrangement of the pores. In the sample that Igor Zlotnikov and his colleagues studied, all pores have the size of the inhabiting protein molecule and they are completely regularly arranged. Metaphorically speaking, the structure r Industrial IoT Solutions  esembles egg cartons that are stacked one on top of another like pallets.

The researchers used two characterization techniques to gain an accurate picture of the internal architecture of the filament. First, they employed X-ray analysis at the BESSY II synchrotron facility in Berlin. Experiments with X-ray diffraction usually serve to identify the atomic periodic structure of crystals. However, Igor Zlotnikov’s team used a variant of this technology to reveal structural periodicity on a larger scale, namely, on the scale of the pores size and their spatial arrangement. The results were confirmed in cooperation with the team working with Peter Werner from the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics using high resolution transmission electron microscopy. In addition to structural details, this technique allows researchers to make assertions about local chemical composition.

But what surprised the researchers even more than the periodicity of the structure that was revealed is the way in which M. chuni produces it: “It’s absolutely astonishing that nature and mankind converged on a similar manufacturing method independently”, says Peter Fratzl, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces. To continue with the image of the egg cartons, the glass sponge first stacks one or maybe even several layers of eggs – that is, protein molecules – and then fills the gaps with cardboard, or in this case glass.

Pore size varies in synthetic mesoporous materials

An image from a transmission electron microscope (TEM/EDX), which allows mapping of the chemical composition of the structure, show Distribution Power Line Monitoring s periodic structure of silicatein molecules (yellow) and glass (blue) inside the filament. Credit: Peter Werner/MPI of Microstructure Physics; Andreas Graff/Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM

Since the protein molecules, which serve as a kind of a model for the surrounding glass structure, are  android-computer  all in the same size, the pores in the obtained material also have the same diameter and form a completely uniform structure. Achieving this precision via synthetic methods is difficult, even though the mesoporous glass is created in a very similar manner. Here, organic droplets around which the glass is produced determine the pore shape. Subsequently, the droplets are dissolved out of the nanostructure using a detergent – in principle, nothing other than a dishwashing liquid. However, scientists can’t adjust the size of the droplets as precisely as the biochemical apparatus of a living organism that controls the size of the proteins. Thus, the pore size in synthetic mesoporous materials varies, and the cavities don’t arrange themselves into a perfectly regular pattern.

“With silicatein or other proteins, it would be possible to produce mesoporous materials having a completely uniform pore size and a perfectly periodic arrangement”, says Igor Zlotnikov. “That would be very expensive.” Mimicking regularly structured materials similar to those found in M. chuni, for the time being, is not the goal of Max Planck researchers. They are currently investigating whether the mesoporous structure is as uniform over large regions of the glass filament as it is in the 100 micrometer section they analyzed for the current publication. “Besides that, we focus on the relationship between the structure and the mechanical properties of the entire glass rod”, says Peter Fratzl. Also there, M. chuni sets standards in terms of structural optimization to enhance its mechanical behavior.

Publication: Igor Zlotnikov, eta l., “A Perfectly Periodic Three-Dimensional Protein/Silica Mesoporous Structure Produced by an Organism,” Advanced Materials, 2013; DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304696

Images: Igor Zlotnikov / MPI of Colloids and Interfaces; Peter Werner/MPI of Microstructure Physics; Andreas Graff/Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM

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Self-Assembling Polymer Increases Hard Drive Ca power sensor  pacity Fivefold

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Close-up of a metal surface coated with block copolymers. Credit: Sravani Gullapalli, Jason M Grider, Hitesh G Bagaria, Kyu-Sung Lee, Minjung Cho, Vicki L Col rugged  vin, Ghassan E Jabbour and Michael S Wong

Synthetic chemists have designed self-assembling polymers, which require heat in order to rearrange themselves. This technology has the potential of increasing hard drive storage capacity fivefold.

The scientists published their findings in the journal Nanotechnology. Currently, information is stored by printing the 1s and 0s of binary data as magnetic dots onto a metal surface. The amount of information that can be stored is relative to the spacing of the dots. The closer the dots are positioned, the more data can be stored. The dots have become so close together with current technology that reducing the spacing in between them would cause instability due to neighboring dots’ magnetic fields. However, if there was a way to protect the dots from neighboring magnetic fields, they could be moved even closer together, creating more storage space.

Surface with top coat and surface without. Credit: Sravani Gullapalli, Jason M Grider, Hitesh G Bagaria, Kyu-Sung Lee, Minjung Cho, Vicki L Colvin, Ghassan E Jabbour and Michael S Wong

A team of chemists and engineers at the University of Texas have teamed up to apply a block copolymer, a grouping of polymers made out of more than one bondable molecule, onto a metal surface. If delicately coated with heat, the block copolymers are able to reorganize themselves into a regular patter and will follow a pattern if the surface contains a guide. Magnetic dots on hard drives provide an example of such a guide, and the copolymers provide just enough shielding from magnetic fields, allowing the dots to be moved closer together without worrying about data corruption.

Until now, this self-assembly process was only able to double  data terminal unit  storage space. The process was refined by the researchers to allow a fivefold increase of storage. A special top coat that was created helps the polymer form using a proper orientation and is activated by a bit of heat.

Since the IoT Remote Monitoring   consumer market is orientated towards SSDs, this could provide a different outlook for HDDs, which could store up to 20TB of data using current techniques. HDDs could be used for long term storage, while SSDs would be used for data that is used a lot.

[via Extreme Tech]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Phy inhand network  sicists Measure Optical and Electronic Behavior of Graphene with Respect to Time

www.inhandnetworks.com

A graphene sheet overstretches the small gap between two metalic contacts.

Physicists at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen developed a method to increase the time resolution of photocurrent measurements in graphene into the picosecond range. While conducting their research, they were able to monitor precisely how the photocurrent in the graphene is generated and found evidence that graphene emits radiation in the terahertz range when optically stimulated. This marks the first time that scientists have been able to measure the optical and electronic behavior of graphene with respect to time.

Extremely thin, more stable than steel and widely applicable: the material graphene is full of interesting properties. As such, it is currently the shining star among the electric conductors. Photodetectors made with graphene can process and conduct both light signals and electric signals extremely fast. Upon optical stimulation, graphene generates a photocurrent within picoseconds (0,000 000 000 001 second). Until now, none of the available methods were fast enough to measure these processes in graphene. Professor Alexander Holleitner and Dr. Leonhard Prechtel, scientists at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), have now developed a method to measure the temporal dynamics of this photo current.

Graphene leaves a rather modest impression at a first sight. The material comprises nothing but carbon atoms ordered in a mono-layered “carpet”. Yet, what makes graphene so fascinating for scientists is its extremely high conductivity. This property is particularly useful in the development of photodetectors. These are electronic components that can detect radiation and transform it into electrical signals.

Graphene’s extremely high conductivity inspires scientists to utilize it in the design of ultra-fast photodetectors. However, until now, it was not possible to measure the optical and electronic behavior of graphene with respect to time, i.e. how long it takes between the electric stimulation of graphene and the generation of the respective photocurrent.

Alexander Holleitner and Leonhard Prechtel, scientists at the Walter Schottky Institut of the TU Muenchen and members of the Cluster of Excellence Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), decided to pursue this question. The physicists first developed a method to increase the time resolution of photocurrent measurements in graphene into the picosecond range. This allowed them to detect pulses as short as a few picoseconds. (For comparison: A light beam traveling at light speed needs three picoseconds to propagate one millimeter.)

The central element of the inspected photodetectors is freely suspended wireless m2m  graphene integrated into electrical circuits via metallic contacts. The temporal dynamics of the photocurrent were measured by means of so-called co-planar strip lines that were evaluated using a specismart grid sensoral time-resolved laser spectroscopy procedure – the pump-probe technique. A laser pulse excites the electrons in the graphene and the dynamics of the process are monitored using a second laser. With this technique the physicists were able to monitor precisely how the photocurrent in the graphene is generated.

At the same time, the scientists could take advantage of the new method to make a further observation: They found evidence that graphene, when optically stimulated, emits radiation in the terahertz (THz) range. This lies between infrared light and microwave radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. The special thing about THz radiation is that it displays properties shared by both adjacent frequency ranges: It can be bundled like particle radiation, yet still penetrates matter like electromagnetic waves. This makes it ideal for material tests, for screening packages or for certain medical applications.

The research was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Excellence Cluster Nanosystems Initiative Munich and the Center for NanoScience (CeNS). Physicists from Universität Regensburg, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Rice University and Shinshu University also contributed to the publication.

Original publication:

Time-resolved ultrafast photocurrents and terahertz generation in freely suspended grapheme Leonhard Prechtel, Li Song, Dieter Schuh, Pulickel Ajayan, Werner Wegscheider, Alexander W. Holleitner Nature C Industrial 3g router  ommunications Links: DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1656 – ncomms/index.html

Image: Technische Universitaet Muenchen

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Exploding Carbon Nanotubes Could Work as Drug-Based Delivery Device intelligent traffic enforcement  s

www.inhandnetworks.com

Carbon nanotubes can be used in a variety of different contexts. Most recently, tubes were filled with drugs and sealed with biodegradable caps, allowing them to work inside cells, where they delivered their loads. There has been some concern that these nanotubes might not target the drugs well enough, which is why researchers at the University of Rochester in New York State have come up with exploding carbon nanotubes.

Vitaly Chaban and Oleg Prezhdo published their findings through arXiv, and their idea was to fill the nanotubes with a mixture of drugs and water molecules, a Distribution Power Line Monitoring System  nd then seal them with a secure cap. They’ve showed that a small temperature increase dramatically increases the pressu intelligent substation  re inside the nanotube. Water behaves differently in narrow carbon nanotubes (CNT), exhibiting a transition to an unusual phase, where pressure is gas-like and grows linearly with temperature. The dif Industrial Wireless M2M products fusion remains constant and is also temperature-dependent.

Once these CNTs are heated by a laser, the solvent boiling destroys the CNTs and releases the drugs. However, the researchers still need to answer questions about how safe this process would be. Since the medium inside the human cells propagates shock waves differently than air, the destruction of the CNTs could destroy or damage the molecular machinery inside the cells that the device is trying to cure.

[via Tech Review]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Aphids Use Rudimentary Sunlight Harvesting Simi vpn  lar to Photosynthesis

www.inhandnetworks.com

Aphids can be born pregnant and males sometimes lack mouths, causing them to die after mating. New work indicates that they might also capture sunlight and use it for metabolic purposes, akin to what plants accomplish with photosynthesis.

The researchers published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports. Aphids have the unique ability, not just among insects but among animals, to synthesize pigments called carotenoids. These are used by animals and insects to maintain healthy immune systems, making certain vitamins. Unlike other creatures, which need to obtain carotenoids through their diets, aphids absorb energy from the sun and transfer it to the cellular machinery involved in energy production.

Entomologist Alain Robichon, from the Sophia Agrobiotech Institute in Sophia Antipolis, France, and his colleagues state that  lte  this unprecedented ability in animals is common in other kingdoms such as plants and algae. Fungi and bacteria can also synthesize carotenoids. Robichon took cues from a 2010 finding that the IoT Remote Monitoring  re were high levels of carotenoids in aphids, his te LTE router am decided to study how the insects make such metabolically expensive chemicals.

Carotenoids are responsible for aphid pigmentation, and this pigmentation determines what kind of predators can see it. When aphids’ levels of ATP were measured, the researchers discovered that green aphids made significantly more ATP than white ones, which were devoid of pigments. ATP production rose when the orange ones, which have an intermediate level of carotenoids, were placed into light, and fell when they were moved into darkness.

The aphids were crushed to demonstrate that these extracts could absorb light and pass the energy onwards. For now, much more work is needed before scientists can state that aphids photosynthesize, but the findings certainly indicate the possibility of this.

[via Nature]

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[inhandnetworks-blog]

Study Strengthens Link Between Human Activities and C dtu  limate Change

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Geographical patterns of observed and simulated trends (in degrees Celsius per decade) from 1979 to 2011. Abbreviations stand for the lower stratosphere (TLS), the mid- to upper troposphere (TMT), and the lower troposphere (TLT). The observations are measurements of microwave emissions made by microwave sounding units (MSUs) on polar-orbiting satellites. MSU-based temperature data came from three different observational groups: Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), the University of Alabama at Huntsville (UAH), and the Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) in Maryland. Courtesy Benjamin Santer, LLNL

Comparing 20 of the latest climate models against 33 years of satellite data has lead the scientists of a newly published study to believe, with a high degree of certainty, that human activities are linked to climate change.

New research shows some of the clearest evidence yet of a discernible human influence on atmospheric temperature.

Published online in the Nov. 29 early edition of the Proceedi industrial IoT router  ngs of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the study compared 20 of the latest climate models against 33 years of satellite data. When human factors were included in the models, they followed the pattern of temperature changes observed by satellite. When the same simulations were run without considering human influences, the results were quite different.

“We can only match the satellite record when we add in human influences on the atmosphere,” said Michael Wehner, a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) Computational R 3g router esearch Division and a coauthor of the article, which involved colleagues from 16 other organizations and was led by Benjamin Santer, an atmospheric scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL).

Because the differences were so marked between models run with and without human influences, “we can conclude that these differences are unlikely to be due to natural causes with a high degree of certainty. In fact, in statistical terms, we are far more certain of this finding than we are of the existence of the Higgs-Boson,” said Wehner.

The new climate model simulations analyzed by the team will form the scientific backbone of the upcoming 5th assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is due out in 2014.

The goal of the study was to determine whether previous findings of a “discernible human influence” on tropospheric and stratospheric temperature were affected by current uncertainties in climate models and satellite data. (The troposphere is the lowest portion of earth’s atmosphere. The stratosphere sits just above the troposphere, between six and 30 miles above earth’s surface.)

To help eliminate the influence of naturally occurring climate variability, the team ran two different kinds of models: Models that included historical and projected increases in carbon dioxide and “aerosols,” such as smoke and dust, and one without. The second set of models acted as a sort of baseline that allowed researchers to filter out the effects of phenomena such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This “noise” can obscure the “signal” scientists are searching for in satellite data and models. Using this information, researchers were able to distinguish the clearest signal yet linking human factors to satellite-observed temperature changes between 1979 and 2011.

Analyzing geographical patterns of atmospheric temperature change over the 33-year period of satellite observations, researchers found that the lower stratosphere cools markedly in both observations and computer models. This cooling is primarily a response to the human-caused depletion of stratospheric ozone, due mostly to the once-widespread use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in spray can propellants and coolants, among other uses.

The observations and model simulations also show a common pattern of large-scale warming of the lower troposphere, with largest warming over the Arctic, and muted warming (or even cooling) over Antarctica. Tropospheric warming is mainly driven by human-caused increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide.

“It’s very unlikely that purely natural causes can explain these distinctive patterns of temperature change,” said LLNL’s Santer. “No known mode of natural climate variability can cause sustained, global-scale warming of the troposphere and cooling of the lower stratosphere.”

Wehner’s work was supported by the Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program and the Earth System Modeling Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science.

Other contributors to the study, outside Berkeley Lab and LLNL, include researchers from Remote Sensing Systems of Santa Rosa; the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Australia; the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Victoria, Canada; the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad Remote Diagnostics  ministration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton; the University of Colorado, Boulder; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge; the U.K. Met. Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, U.K.; the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; North Carolina State University; the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville; the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder; the University of Adelaide, South Australia; the University of Reading, U.K.; and the Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Camp Springs.

Image: Benjamin Santer, LLNL

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